->Mvqr at 11:17, 24 October 2021

2021-10-24T11:17:19Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kisan
| image = Kisan House.jpg
| image_caption = Kisan house at the 2020 Odisha State Tribal Fair, Bhubaneswar
| population = 467,288
| total_ref = <ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| region1 = [[Odisha]]
| pop1 = 331,589
| region2 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop2 = 98,434
| region3 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop3 = 37,265
| languages = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]{{*}}[[Kurukh language|Kisan]]{{*}}[[English language|English]]{{*}}[[Odia language|Odia]]{{*}}[[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{*}}[[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| native_name =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{*}}Traditional religion
| related_groups = [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]]
}}
The '''Kisan''' are a tribal group found in [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]]. They are traditional farmers and a food gathering people. They speak Kisan, a dialect of [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], as well as [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]. The tribe mainly lives in northwestern Odisha, in the districts of [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]] and [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]. Other populations live in [[Malda district]] in western West Bengal and [[Latehar district|Latehar]] and [[Gumla district|Gumla]] districts of western Jharkhand.

== Culture ==

=== Marriage ===
The Kisan community practices endogamy & exogamy. Most practice monogamy, but bigamy is also accepted. The community practices adult marriage. Marriage within the same ''bansa'' is also forbidden, since they share a bloodline. However, since ''bansa'' is patrillineal, marriage with the maternal uncle's daughter is accepted and common. Widows are allowed to remarry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kishan|first=Laxman|date=May–June 2016|title=The Marriage System of the Kishan Tribe of Western Odisha|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/May-June/engpdf/73-76.pdf|journal=Odisha Review|pages=72–75}}</ref>

The Kisan recognize several forms of marriage common to tribal groups of central and eastern India: marriage by negotiation (arranged marriage), marriage by capture, love marriage, marriage by intrusion, marriage by adoption and marriage by exchange. Of these, marriage by negotiation is the most common, and is known as ''benja''. In this marriage, the father or guardian of the person to be married selects the partner. In these negotiations the village headman is consulted.<ref name=":0" />

The ''benja'' process is as follows. The ''agua'', a mediator who negotiates between the two families, approaches the bride's father to ask for his daughter's hand in marriage for the groom. Then the groom and his family visit the bride's house with gifts of rice, ''[[Handia (drink)|handia]]'' (rice-beer), and animals. By the taking of the food, the bride's family accepts the groom's proposal. The groom's party prepares their food, celebrates with the bride's family in the evening, and returns to their village. The bride's relatives then visit the groom's village. Next, the two families settle on a bride price, called ''kania muli hessu'' or ''sukha mula''. The price is paid in rice and may be 10 ''khani'', equivalent to 1 quintal of rice, and is paid by the groom's father to the bride's family. One the ''kania mula'' is settled, the date of marriage is fixed with the consent of the ''kalo'', or village priest. Since marriage is time-consuming it can only take place after the harvest, where there is little work to do in the field.<ref name=":0" />

The marriage ceremony is common to tribes of central and eastern India. On the morning of the marriage day, the groom's ''barat'' (wedding procession) arrives at the bride's village with ''handia''. They, along with relatives of the bride, escort her to the groom's village. On the village outskirts, the relatives of the bride and groom stage a mock fight, after which the bride is welcomed into the groom's house. The groom and bride and their parents wear clothes of red, yellow and white: never black. In the evening, the bride and groom and led to a ''pandal'' in the courtyard of the groom's house. There rice is cooked in a new pot. The ''kalo'' then worships the ''Dharme Belas'', supreme gods. The groom applies vermillion on the bride's forehead and their clothes are tied together, usually by the bride's sister. and the two walk around the ''pandal'' 7 times invoking the ''Dharme Belas''. Afterwards there is celebration, dancing and feasting throughout the night.<ref name=":0" />

A marriage is considered successful when the couple have had a child. Divorce is permitted in cases of adultery, impotency or cruelty, or if the marriage just does not work out. Remarriage of widows, widowers and divorcees is also permitted. A widow can marry her younger brother-in-law while widowers can similarly marry their younger sister-in-laws.<ref name=":0" />

Marriage practices have changed in recent years, with the greater influence of broader Odia culture and modernization. The bride's father now welcomes the ''barat'' of the groom to his house before accompanying her to the house of the bridegroom. In addition, instead of using a ''palaki'' to carry the bride and groom to the groom's house as was the case in earlier days, a cycle or rickshaw is used now. The members of the ''barat'' are now served ''mahua'' liquor instead of ''handia'', along with meat and rice, at the bride's house. The post-ceremony dances and celebrations were previously done to the sound of ''mandar'' drums, while now loudspeakers are used.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}}
{{Western Orissa}}
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Kisan people - Revision history

->Mvqr at 11:17, 24 October 2021