https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Kitab-i_NaurasKitab-i Nauras - Revision history2026-07-31T02:19:18ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Kitab-i_Nauras&diff=510126&oldid=prevJacquelynBelz49 at 01:30, 28 February 20262026-02-28T01:30:21Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|16th-century work by sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Kitab-i Nauras<br />
| country = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] (modern-day India)<br />
| language = [[Deccani language|Deccani]] with an introduction in [[Persian language|Persian]]<br />
| genre = Poetry<br />
| image = Khalilullah Butshikan - From Dohras (Songs) 40 and 42 from the Kitab-i Nauras (Book of Nine Essence - 2013.284 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif<br />
| subject = <br />
| author = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]<br />
| URL = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Kitab-i Nauras''''' ({{translation|The Book of Nine Rasas}}), also transliterated as '''Kitab-e-Nauras''', is a 16th-century treatise written by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Griffin |first=Sushma |title=Vernacular Subjectivity as a Way of Seeing: Visualising Bijapur in Nujūm al-ʿUlūm and Kitāb-i-Nauras |date=2021-12-03 |work=Naẓar:Vision, Belief, and Perception in Islamic Cultures |pages=284–311 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004499485/BP000022.xml?language=en |access-date=2024-12-08 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-49948-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Umrat |title=Strokes of Sentiment: A case study of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's Kitab-i-Nauras |url=https://www.academia.edu/108143237 |journal=Tyler School of Art & Architecture, Temple University |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215115237/https://www.academia.edu/108143237 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Muqarnas]]|volume=33|date=2016|pages=91–154|title=Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, circa 1580‒1630|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551683|first=Keelan|last=Overton|doi=10.1163/22118993_03301P006 |jstor=26551683}}</ref> It was written with the title ''Nauras'', meaining ''Nine Rasas'', but was named as ''Nauras Nama'' or ''Kitab-i Nauras'' later.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=55}} It is a collection of 59 Manqabat Kalaam (song) and 17 couplets in the [[Deccani language]].<br />
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== Contents ==<br />
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=== Introduction ===<br />
The introduction to the book was not written by Ibrahim; instead, it was written by the poet [[Muhammad Zuhuri]] in Persian rather than Deccani. Zuhuri states that the preface is "a worthless stone for the garland made of royal pearls". <br />
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=== Songs ===<br />
In the ten known manuscripts, there are fifty-nine songs, although no single copy contains all of them. In addition, there are seventeen [[Doha (poetry)|dohas]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=61-67}}<br />
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A significant portion of the songs are praises sung for [[Saraswati]], [[Ganesha]], and other Hindu deities. Others praise the prophet [[Muhammad]] and Sufi saint [[Bande Nawaz]]. Another portion refers to Ibrahim's private life. His favorite elephant Atish Khan and favorite tambourine Moti Khan are also praised. In others, Ibrahim's mother Bari Sahib and wife Chand Sultan are referred to.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=61-67}}<br />
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=== Rasas ===<br />
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# ''Shringara'' means the sentiment of love and romance.<br />
#''Veera'' means the sentiment of heroism or chivalry<br />
#''Veebhatsa'' means the sentiment of disgust<br />
#''Raudra'' means the sentiment of anger and fury<br />
#''Bhayanak'' means the sentiment of dread and terror<br />
#''Hasya'' means the sentiment of joy and humour <br />
#''Karuna'' means the sentiment of compassion and pathos<br />
#''Adbhuta'' means the sentiment of wonder and amazement<br />
#''Shanta'' means the sentiment of peace and contenment{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=55-56}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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=== Bibliography ===<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Nazir |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ibrahim_adilshah_kitab-i-nauras.pdf |title=Kitab-i-Nauras by Ibrahim Adil Shah II: Introduction, Notes, and Textual Editing |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Kendra |year=1956 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Haider |first=Navinda Najat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |chapter=The Kitab-i Nauras: Key to Bijapur's Golden Age|date=2011 |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 }}<br />
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[[Category:Urdu-language books]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century books]]</div>JacquelynBelz49