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[[File:Cola-Cera_Perumal_relations_(c._9th-10th_centuries_AD).png|thumb|535x535px|Chola-Chera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)]]<br />
'''Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli,''' or '''Udaiyapirattiyar Kizhan Adikal,''' was the traditional title of the queens/princesses of the [[Chera/Perumal kingdom|Chera Perumal kingdom]] in medieval south India.<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-101, 437, 442, 445 and 473.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1987|orig-year=1920|editor-last=Sastri|editor-first=H. Krishna|title=No. 201|url=|journal=|series=South Indian Inscriptions|volume=III (Part III and IV)|pages=377|via=}}</ref> It was initially assumed that Kizhan Adikal was a proper given name (and not a royal title).<ref name=":0" /> <br />
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The title appears in the following inscriptions discovered from [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
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# "Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli", daughter of Chera [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Kulasekhara]] (mid-9th century) and wife of [[Goda Ravi|Vijayaraga]] (mid-9th century), in Tirunandikkara inscription (9th century AD).<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438.</ref><br />
# "Ko Kizhan Adikal", mother of Chola prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]], in a Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur inscription (c. 935 AD, 28th regnal year) of Chola king [[Parantaka I]] (907-955 AD).<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101.</ref><br />
# "Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli", daughter of Chera [[Goda Ravi|Vijayaraga]] (mid-9th century), in a Tiruvotriyur inscription (936 AD, 29th regnal year) of king [[Parantaka I]].<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 442-443.</ref><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 103.</ref><br />
# "Kizhan Adikal" appears in the [[Tiruvalla copper plates]] with her husband king [[Parantaka I]] (lines 109-111).<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 473.</ref><br />
# "Kizhan Adikal Chatira Sikhamani" in a Trikkakara inscription (953 AD) with Chera Perumal king Indu Kota (c. 943 - 962 AD).<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 445.</ref><br />
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There is a possibility that the princesses (2) and (3) are the same, or are sisters. If they were sisters, king [[Parantaka I]] married two distinct Chera princesses (the mothers of his two sons, [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] and Arinjaya Chola).<ref>George Spencer, ‘Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period’, ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref><br />
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The marriage between a Chera princess and Parantaka, c. 910 CE, is mentioned in the Udayendiram plates of [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Ganga]] king Prthivipati II Hastimalla.<ref name=":0" /><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.</ref><br />
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The harem of the Kizhan Adikal at [[Tanjavur]] is mentioned in three Chola inscriptions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Daud|date=2007|title=The Service Retinues of the Chola Court|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378936|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=70|issue=3|pages=487–509|issn=0041-977X|via=}}</ref><br />
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# Saranganatha Perumal Temple, Tiruchirai, Kumbakonam (5th regnal year)<ref name=":2" /><br />
# Vedaranyeswara Temple, Vedaranyam, Tirutturaippundi, Tanjore ([[Parantaka I]], 43rd regnal year?)<ref name=":2" /><br />
# Nageswaraswamin Temple, Kumbakonam.<ref name=":2" /> Inscription of "Parakesari" Aditya II Karikala (4th regnal year) mentioning the mother of [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
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[[Category:10th-century Indian women]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]</div>imported>Scorpions13256