https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Koda_languageKoda language - Revision history2026-07-31T03:57:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Koda_language&diff=463197&oldid=prevMellissaFortier at 11:25, 1 January 20262026-01-01T11:25:04Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Munda language of eastern India}}<br />
{{redirect|Korali|the ship|Empire Ford}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Koda<br />
| nativename = {{lang|cdz-Beng|কোডা}}<br />
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| speakers = 47,268<br />
| date = 2011 census<br />
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |access-date=2018-07-07 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><br />
| familycolor = Austro-Asiatic<br />
| fam2 = [[Munda languages|Munda]]<br />
| fam3 = North<br />
| fam4 = Kherwarian<br />
| fam5 = Mundaric<br />
| iso3 = cdz<br />
| glotto = koda1236<br />
| glottorefname = Koda<br />
| ethnicity = 2.5 lakh [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Koda''', also known as '''Kora''', '''Kaora''', '''Korali''', '''Korati''', '''Kore''', '''Mudi''', or '''Mudikora''',<ref>{{e21}}</ref> is an endangered [[Munda language]] of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] spoken by the [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]]. The Kora mainly live in West Bengal, in the districts of [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] and [[Bankura district|Bankura]], with a few in neighbouring [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In 2005, there were 1,300 speakers in the [[Rajshahi Division]] of Bangladesh, though many said that [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was their best language. Koda is closely related to the [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol language]].<br />
<br />
Kim et al. (2010)<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www-01.sil.org/SILESR/2010/silesr2010-006.pdf |title=The Santali Cluster in Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survey |last1=Kim |first1=Seung |last2=Kim |first2=Amy |date=April 2010 |volume=2010-006 |last3=Ahmad |first3=Sayed |last4=Sangma |first4=Mridul |access-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809124318/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-006.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |url-status=dead |series=SIL Electronic Survey Report}}</ref> considers Koda and Kol to be Mundari cluster languages. Koda-speaking villages include Kundang and Krishnupur in [[Rajshahi Division]], Bangladesh, while [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol]] villages include Babudaing village.<br />
<br />
Koda verbs are inflected for tense-aspect-mood and person, number, finite/infinite, subject/object, possessor, animacy and transitivity. In recent times Koda is code-mixing with Bangla: including vocabulary replacement and greater adoption of Bengali syntax. These processes are seen more in younger speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Bornini |title=Queries in Structure of Language |isbn=9788194649977 |pages=131–137 |chapter=Effect of Bangla on Koda verbs |date=2020 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages & Linguistic Society of India |oclc=1419790634 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344713421}}</ref><br />
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Shamim (2021){{sfn|Shamim|2021}} presents a description of the phonology and morphology of Koda. It also presents a study of Koda in the context of language contact.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center<br />
|+Consonants{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=52}}<br />
!colspan=3| !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=4|[[Plosive]] !! rowspan=2|<small>voiceless</small> || <small>unaspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t̪}} || {{IPA link|ʈ}} || {{IPA link|c}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| ({{IPA link|pʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|ʈʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|cʰ}}) || ({{IPA link|kʰ}}) ||<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2|<small>voiced</small> || <small>unaspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d̪}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}} || {{IPA link|ɟ}} || {{IPA link|g}} ||<br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| ({{IPA link|bʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|ɖʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|ɟʱ}}) || ({{IPA link|gʱ}}) ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|[[Fricative]]<br />
| || || || {{IPA link|ʃ}} || || {{IPA link|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|[[Tap consonant|Tap]]<br />
| || {{IPA link|ɾ}} || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|[[Approximant]]<br />
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* The non-labial aspirated consonants ({{IPA|/t̪ʰ, d̪ʱ, ʈʰ, ɖʱ, cʰ, ɟʱ, kʰ, gʱ/}}) are found primarily in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] loanwords.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=55}}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center<br />
|+Vowels{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=46}}<br />
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|u}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| || {{IPA link|ɑ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Vowel length and nasalization are not contrastive.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=22}} Nasal vowels in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] loanwords lose their nasality.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=50}}<br />
* Non-open vowels {{IPA|/ɛ, i, ɔ, u/}} become [[semivowels]] {{IPA|[ɛ̯, i̯, ɔ̯, u̯]}} between vowels.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=47}}<br />
* {{IPAslink|ɛ}} and {{IPAslink|ɔ}} raise to {{IPAblink|e}} and {{IPAblink|o}} when the next syllable contains a close vowel.{{sfn|Shamim|2021|p=47}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Shamim |first=Ahmed |title=A Description of the Phonology and Morphology of Koda, An Endangered Language of Bangladesh |date=June 2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=City University of New York |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4413}}<br />
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{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Munda languages]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]<br />
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