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{{Short description|City in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|the municipality and city in India|other uses|Kolar (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolar
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = City municipality
| image_skyline = View from the rear of Someshwara temple at Kolar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Someshwara Temple, 14th century Vijayanagara style
| nickname = Kolahalapura (old)
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1333|N|78.1333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Kolar Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 46.56
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 849
| population_total = 183,462
| population_as_of = 2011

| population_footnotes =<ref name=2011Cities>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=23 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 563101, 563102, 563103
| area_code = 08152
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-07
| website = {{URL|www.kolarcity.gov.in}} {{URL|www.kolarcity.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kolar''' or Kolara is a city in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is the headquarters of [[Kolar district]]. The city is known for its milk production and [[Kolar Gold Fields|gold mines]]. It is also known for [[Someshwara Temple, Kolar|Someshwara temple]] and Kolaramma temple.

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2019}}
The [[Western Gangas]] sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruled from Kolar as their Capital City. The founder of the Western Ganga dynasty was Konganivarman Madhava, who built Kolar as his capital around 350 and ruled for about twenty years. He was succeeded by his son Madhava I. Kolar, the headquarters of the [[Kolar district]], was earlier known as Kuvalalapura, also known as Kolahala Pura. Historically, Kolar is said to be associated with the epic age, which recalls many legends associated with Avani in [[Mulbagal]] Taluk, which was also called Avani Kshetra.

It was once known as Avantika - Kshetra, a sacred place in [[Kolar district]] in Karnataka State. It was famous for its religious establishments from ancient times. It was once known as Aavanya which was under the Ganga prince Madhava Muttarasa, who governed several districts. In about AD 890, its earliest grant relates that Tribhuvana Kartara Deva, who held the title of Kali Yuga Rudra, ruled over the Avaniya Thana for 40 years. During this period he constructed 50 temples and two large tanks. Maharshi Valmiki, the author of the epic [[Ramayana]], lived here. The legend goes further to establish that Seetha Devi, after being sent to exile, gave birth to her twins Lava and Kusha at Avani. The Avani continued to survive as a religious establishment from the 9th to 11th centuries. There are temples dedicated to Lord Rama.

The hill to the west of Kolar called the ''Shatasringa Parvata'' or 'Hundred-Peaked Mountain' is 'Antharagange', associated with the story of Parasurama and his fight with King Kartaviryarjuna over Surabhi, the divine cow. As the story goes, King Kartavirya Arjuna (Sahasrarjuna) and his army visited Jamadagni, Parasurama's father, when the king demanded the magical cow from Jamadagni. When Jamadagni refused, the King sent his soldiers to take the cow, but Parashurama killed the entire army and the king with his axe. In return, the princes beheaded Jamadagni. Thus, Parasurama took an oath to behead the entire Kshatriya race, which is said to have taken place on the hills. It is said that the 'kolahala' on the death of Kartaviryarjuna gave its name to the town, which later become Kolar. [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and tamil (tamils worked in Gold mines) languages are widely spoken. Gangas built the temple of Sri Uttameshwara temple in '' [[Uttanur]]'' Mulbagal Taluk.

Antaragange is one of the tourist attractions Of Kolar. It is also known as "Dakshina Kashi Kshetra". In the temple is a pond which gets a continuous flow of underground water from the mouth of a Basava (stone bull).

==Geography==
Kolar is located at {{Coord|13.13|N|78.13|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Kolar.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kolar, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> with an average elevation of {{convert|849|m|ft}}.

It is located at a distance of about {{convert|70|km|mi}} from [[Bengaluru]], {{convert|50|km|mi}} from Kempegowda International Airport, {{convert|147|km|mi}} from [[Hogenakkal waterfalls]] & {{convert|32|km|mi}} from [[Kolar Gold Fields]]. The city is located on the southern ''maidan'' (plains) region of [[Karnataka]]. The Ammerallikere, a tank, forms its eastern boundary. To the north is the Kodikannur tank, the main source of water supply to the city. The nearest railway junction is [[Bangarapet Junction railway station]]. Kolar is having good road transportation than, Rail amenities. It is situated on the [[Bengaluru]] - [[Chennai]] [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway-75]].

Kolar is also The gateway for [[Tirumala]] and [[Chennai]] via [[National Highway 75]]

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the}} [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kolar city municipality had a population of 138,462 and has 30,506 households.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=District Handbook - Karnataka - Town Amenities (row 322)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Census of India}}</ref> The population of [[scheduled castes]] in the city is 16,536, while that of [[scheduled tribes]] is 2094.<ref name=":2" /> The city has grown at the rate of 21.56% in the last decade.<ref name=":2" />

The municipality had a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 978 females per 1,000 males and 11.5% of the population were under six years old.<ref name="2011Cities" /> Effective literacy was 84.02%; male literacy was 87.28% and female literacy was 80.69%.<ref name="2011Cities" />
[Kannada] [Tamil]
and [Telugu] are widely spoken in city

==Governance and politics==
Kolar city is governed by Kolar City Municipal Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipalities {{!}} Kolar district, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://kolar.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/municipality/|access-date=28 September 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[municipality]] covers an area of 18.3 square km and is divided into 35 wards, each represented by a [[councillor]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Kolar City Municipal Council - City Summary|url=http://www.kolarcity.mrc.gov.in/en/city-summary|access-date=28 September 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is headed by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], R. Srikanth.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2020|title=CMC requests owners to clear property tax dues|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kolar-chikkaballapur-tumakuru/cmc-requests-owners-to-clear-property-tax-dues-834341.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The president is the elected head, currently incumbent B.M. Mubarak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AMRUT Cities Contact details of Heads|url=http://amrut.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/AMRUT_Cities-_Contact_details_of_Heads.pdf|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Amrut.gov.in}}</ref> The executive wing has 8 departments: Engineering, Health, Revenue, Town planning, Finance, Birth and death, Election and Day-NULM.<ref name=":1" />

'''k H muniyappa''' is the 7 time winning member of parliament from kolar lok sabha constituency

And now the city is represented by Member of Parliament elected from the [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]] is Muniswamy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=S. Muniswamy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KOLAR(KARNATAKA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7278|access-date=28 September 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref> Srinivas Gowda is the MLA elected from the [[Kolar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=K.Srinivas Gowda(JD(S)):Constituency- KOLAR(KOLAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=984|access-date=28 September 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

=== Civic utilities ===
The masterplan of the city is developed by the Urban Development Department, State of Karnataka. Kodikannur tank in the north of the city is its main source of water supply.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Master Plan |url=http://www.uddkar.gov.in/sites/uddkar.gov.in/files/pdfs/19_kolar_plu.jpg |website=uddkar.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> The city has a shortage of drinking water, being an area with a 'permanent drought', and pipes being over 35 years old.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2018|title=16 of 24 'eternally drought-prone' districts in country are in Karnataka|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/16-of-24-eternally-drought-prone-districts-in-country-are-in-karnataka/article25784373.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2020|title=59 इंच की कोलार लाइन फूटी, कई घरों में भरा पानी, आधे शहर में दो दिन किल्लत; कोलार रेस्ट हाउस के सामने फूटी लाइन, तीन लोग घायल|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/59-inch-kolar-line-burst-water-filled-in-many-homes-half-town-for-two-days-shortage-footy-line-in-front-of-kolar-rest-house-three-people-injured-127763134.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> Water is also supplied from four [[borewell]]s at Maderahalli tank, and five more borewells that were revived in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2020|title=MP S Muniswamy to CMC: Ensure water pumping facility at borewells|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kolar-chikkaballapur-tumakuru/mp-s-muniswamy-to-cmc-ensure-water-pumping-facility-at-borewells-828582.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> According to the city municipality's website, the city receives a total of 56.20 MLD water, at 125 LPCD per capita.<ref name=":1" />

The city has both open and closed drains.<ref name=":2" /> Kolar receives wastewater from Bengaluru as part of the KC project, which was expected to increase groundwater levels but has received criticism when it started contaminating the area.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Mohit M.|date=13 October 2018|title=In Kolar, a parched land in a sea of sewage|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-parched-land-in-a-sea-of-sewage/article25208558.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2017, it was reported that non-clearance of garbage by the municipal council had caused unhygienic conditions in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kundapura|first=Vishwa|date=6 January 2015|title='Mandur of Kolar' in the making?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mandur-of-kolar-in-the-making/article6759709.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Kolar district}}

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=170 | height=170
|align=center
|File:Profile of the Kolaramma Temple complex at Kolar.jpg
|Kolaramma Temple, Kolar
|File:Antharagange.JPG
|Antharagange
|File:Entrance of Somnatheshwar Temple in Kolar.JPG
|Entrance of Somnatheshwar Temple in Kolar
|File:Main Structure of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar.jpg
|Main Structure of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar
|File:Interior view of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar.jpg
|Interior view of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar
|File:Back side view of Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar.jpg|
Back side view of Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar
|File:Relief of a maiden at the entrance to the Kolaramma temple at Kolar.jpg
|Sculpture of a Guardian goddess at the Kolaramma Temple
|File:Maiden with bow in the Kolaramma temple at Kolar.jpg
|A sculpture adorning entrance wall of Kolarmma Temple
|File:Maiden at the mahadwara (main entrance) of Kolaramma temple at Kolar.jpg
|A sculpture adorning interior gate of Kolarmma Temple
}}

== Transportation ==
Kolar has transportation amenities such as Buses, Taxis, and [[Auto Rickshaw]]s.

Kolar also has a local transportation facility " Antaragange Kolara Nagara Sarige" which was inaugurated in July 2012 but Govt has stopped this services and utilising these buses for rural areas. {{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

===Railways===

The district headquarters has a railway station connecting two destinations:

1. [[Bengaluru]] - Via [[Bangarapet Junction railway station]]

The nearest junction to Kolar is [[Bangarapet Junction railway station]]. It is the first railway junction in [[Karnataka]] on [[Chennai Central– Bengaluru City line]]

2. [[Bengaluru]] - Via [[Srinivaspura]], [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chinthamani]], [[Sidlaghatta]], [[Chikkaballapura]], [[Devanahalli]], [[Yelahanka]]

== Educational institutes ==
* [[Bengaluru North University]], Sri Devaraj Urs Extension, NH 75, Tamaka, Kolar-563103.
* [[Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College]] (SDUMC) - Next to Horticulture college, NH 75, Tamaka, Kolar-563103.

== Notable people ==


* [[M. Visvesvaraya]] – Celebrated Indian Engineer and Statesman, also known as "Father of Indian Engineering" and "The architect of modern Karnataka".
* [[D. V. Gundappa]] – was an Indian writer, [[Kannada]] poet and philosopher .
* [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]] – Kannada poet and recipient of [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] Award
* [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] - Founder of the style of yoga as exercise known as "[[Iyengar Yoga]]", considered one of the foremost yoga gurus in the world.
* [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] - is an Indian [[billionaire]] businessman and the founder of [[Infosys]].
* [[K. C. Reddy]] – First Chief Minister of Karnataka, (then Mysore State)
* [[Hyder Ali]] – Ruler of Mysore Kingdom, Father of [[Tipu Sultan|Tippu Sultan]].
* [[Prashanth Neel]]- Renowned Indian Movie Director of [[K.G.F: Chapter 1]] and [[K.G.F: Chapter 2]] fame.
* [[A. N. Prahlada Rao]] highest Crossword writer in India.
* [[K. H. Muniyappa]] – is an Indian Politician.He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) political party.
* [[Mallikarjuna Reddy]] – Guinness World Record holder, Micro Artist , Miniature artist.
* [[S. Muniswamy]] - is an Indian politician, a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and MP of Kolar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090116022357/http://www.kolarcity.gov.in/ City Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolar district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Kolar - Revision history

WikiDwarfBOT at 01:05, 22 July 2023