imported>JoeNMLC at 18:30, 27 August 2021

2021-08-27T18:30:22Z

New page

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Kolar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2007}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolar district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| settlement_type = District
| image_skyline = Someshvara temple in Kolar (rear view).JPG
| image_alt = Ornate, tan pyramidal stone temple
| image_caption = Someshwara Temple in [[Kolar]]
| nickname =
| image_map = Karnataka Kolar locator map.svg
| map_alt = Located in the southeast part of the state
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kolar]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = '''†'''
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4,012
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,536,401
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 384
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = '''†'''
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA-KL]]
| registration_plate = KA-07, KA-08
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 976 [[female|♀]] / 1000[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 74.33%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|724|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|kolar.nic.in}}
| footnotes = '''†''' [http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf Kolar district at a glance]
}}

'''Kolar district''' {{audio|Kolar.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a district in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

[[Kolar]] ( ಕೋಲಾರ) is the district headquarters. Located in southern Karnataka, it is the state's easternmost district. The district is surrounded by the [[Bangalore Rural district]] on the west, [[Chikballapur district]] on the north, the [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on the east and the [[Krishnagiri district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] on the south.

On 10 September 2007, it was bifurcated to form the new district of Chikballapur.<ref name="HanBokKar">{{cite web|title=A Handbook of Karnataka - Administration |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=16 November 2010 |pages=354, 355 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008073453/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |archive-date= 8 October 2011 }}</ref> Due to the discovery of the [[Kolar Gold Fields]], the district has become known as the "Golden Land" of India.

People are citing that still [[gold]] is present in [[Kolar Gold Fields]] mines abundantly and also exists in [[Mulbagal]], [[Kolar]], [[Bangarapet]], [[Malur]], [[Srinivasapura]] taluks of [[Kolar District]]. However it must have to be confirmed by the state and as well central govt authorities.

==History==
[[File:Profile of the Kolaramma Temple complex at Kolar.jpg|thumb|alt=Temple complex with a lawn and a low hedge|Kolarmma Temple, Kolar]]
[[File:Ramalingeshwara group of temples (rear view of shrines) at Avani.JPG|thumb|alt=Three pyramidal temples|Tenth-century [[Nolamba dynasty]] Ramalingeshvara group of temples in [[Avani, Kolar|Avani]]]]
Kolar, formerly known as Kolahala, Kuvalala and Kolala, was called Kolahalapura during the Middle Ages. In [[Kannada]], ''kolahahapura'' means "violent city" and it was the battlefield for the warring [[Chalukyas]] in the north and the [[Cholas]] in the south. In 1004 AD, the Cholas annexed Kolar until 1116. [[Vishnuvardhana]] (1108-1142) freed Gangavadi from the Cholas and, to commemorate his victory, built the [[Chennakesava Temple]] at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].

[[Kolaramma]] and [[Someshwara Temple, Kolar|Someshwara]] are notable temples in Kolar. The Kolaramma temple, built in Dravida [[Vimana (tower)|Vimana]] style during the secondnd century, is dedicated to [[Shakti]]. It underwent renovations under [[Rajendra Chola I]] in the 10th century and the [[Vijayanagara Kingdom|Vijayanagara kings]] in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=A green view |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/11/stories/2006031101910100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823030956/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/11/stories/2006031101910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2006|access-date=23 December 2010|date=11 March 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Temples of Karnataka - Kolar|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kolar.html|publisher=templenet.com|access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> Someswara Temple is an example of 14th-century [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] art.

Kolar's early history was compiled by [[Fred Goodwill]], superintendent of the Wesleyan Tamil mission in [[Bangalore]] and the Kolar Gold Fields, and his studies have been published in a number of journals.<ref name=Mythic>{{cite journal|title=Nandiroog|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=1918|volume=9|page=298}}</ref><ref name=Mystic-Nandi>{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=Nandidroog|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=1918|volume=9–10|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mlk4AQAAMAAJ&q=f+goodwill+tamil+bangalore|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Mining Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=The Religious and Military Story of Nudydurga|journal=KGF Mining and Metallurgical Society|date=1921|issue=5|ref=Mining Journal}}</ref> Older than Bangalore, Kolar dates back to the second century. The [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Gangas]] made Kolar their capital, ruling [[Mysore]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Travancore]]. During the 13th century Bhavanandi composed ''[[Nannūl|Nannool]]'', his treatise on Tamil grammar.

Under the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], King Sridhar kora (ruled 970–985) reportedly built the temple for Renuka and founded the city of Kolaahalapuram. [[Virarajendra Chola|Veera Chola]], [[Vikrama Chola]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]] built stone structures with inscriptions at [[Avani, Kolar|Avani]], [[Mulbagal]], Sitti Bettta and elsewhere. Chola inscriptions, which document the rule of [[Aditya I|Adithya Chola I]] (871-907), [[Raja Raja Chola I]] and Rajendra Chola I of Kolar, refer to Kolar as Nikarili Cholamandalam and Jayam Konda Chola Manadalam. Inscriptions from Rajendra Chola I also appear on the [[Kolaramma]] Temple. Many Siva temples were built in Kolar during the reign of the Cholas, including the Someshwarar and Sri Uddhandeshwari Temples at Maarikuppam Village, the Eswaran Temple at Oorugaumpet and the Sivan Temple at Madivala Village. Chola rule of Kolar lasted until 1116. The inscriptions are neglected, and some have been vandalised.

In 1117 Kolar became part of the [[Hoysala Empire]]; in 1254 it was bestowed to Ramanatha, one of King [[Vira Someshwara|Someshwara's]] two sons. The Hoysala were defeated by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], which ruled Kolar from 1336 to 1664. During this period, the [[Someshwara Temple, Kolar|Sri Someshwara Temple]] at Kolar was built.

For 50 years in the 17th century Kolar was under [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule as part of the [[Jagir]] of [[Shahaji]], followed by 70 years of Muslim rule. In 1720 it became part of the [[Province of Sira]], with [[Fath Muhammad|Fateh Mohammed]] (the father of [[Hyder Ali]]) the province's [[Faujdar]]. Kolar was then ruled by the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the Nawab of [[Kadapa|Cuddapah]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and Hyder Ali. It was under [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1768 to 1770 before a brief Maratha rule followed by Hyder Ali. In 1791 [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] conquered Kolar and returned it to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in the [[Treaty of Seringapatam|peace treaty of 1792]].

In the Kolar region, inscriptions document the reigns of the Mahavalis (Baanaas), the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] and the Vaidumbaas.<ref name=Mythic /><ref name=Mystic-Nandi /><ref name="Mining Journal" /><ref name=KGF>{{cite book|last1=Srikumar|first1=S|title=Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold)|date=2014|publisher=Partridge India |isbn=9781482815078|pages=40–46|edition=International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrWEAwAAQBAJ&q=f+goodwill+tamil+bangalore&pg=PA40|access-date=27 August 2014}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gayatri">{{cite book|last1=Chandrashekar|first1=Gayatri|title=Grit and Gold|date=2015|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482855845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV50CgAAQBAJ&q=Rev+Goodwill+Tamil&pg=PT22|access-date=11 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> [[B. Lewis Rice|Benjamin Lewis Rice]] recorded 1,347 inscriptions in the Kolar District, in the 10th volume of his ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''. Of the inscriptions, 422 are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 211 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and the remainder in [[Kannada]].<ref name=RiceX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District|date=1994|publisher=Department of Archeology, Mysore State|location=Mangalore, British India|url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiacarnat10myso#page/n7/mode/2up|access-date=4 August 2015|page=i}}</ref>

==List of tourist attractions in Kolar district ==
[[List of tourist attractions in Kolar district]] important temple and tourist attractions details are provided here

=={{anchor|Kolar|Engineering and medical institutions|Horticultural Sciences|Bangarpet|Malur|Mulbagal|District administration|Srinivaspura}}Taluks==
*[[Kolar]]
*[[Bangarpet]]
*[[Malur]]
*[[Mulbagal|Mulbagilu]]
*[[Srinivaspura]]
*[[Kolar Gold Fields]]

==Demographics==
{{IndiaCensusPop
|title= Population growth
|state=Karnataka
|1901= 392651
|1911= 429193
|1921=436066
|1931=469811
|1941=555545
|1951=650807
|1961=721822
|1971= 826563
|1981= 1044394
|1991= 1211858
|2001= 1387062
|estimate=1571700
|estyear=2010
|estref=
|footnote= Source: District website<ref name=glance>{{cite web|title=Kolar district at a glance |url=http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |access-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312084801/http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2011 }}</ref>
}}
In the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,536,401<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref>—roughly equal to that of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Gabon 1,576,665
}}</ref> or [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Hawaii 1,360,301
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809223036/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=9 August 2011
}}</ref> It ranked 324th of India's 640 [[Districts of India|districts]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 384 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}},<ref name=districtcensus/> with a [[Family planning in India|growth rate]] of 11.04 percent from 2001 to 2011.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kolar's [[sex ratio]] is 976 [[Women in India|females]] per 1,000 males.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] is 74.33 percent.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has 15 towns and a total of 3,321 villages (2,889 inhabited villages and 432 uninhabited).

51.5% of the district speaks Kannada, 22.7% speaks Telugu, 12.9% speaks Urdu and 11% speaks Tamil. SCs and STs make up 30.3% and 5.1% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

=={{anchor|Festivals|Malur Karaga}}Culture==
The district's primary language is [[Kannada language|Kannada]]; Urdu, Tamil and Telugu are spoken by large minorities. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) has an [[Anglo-Indian]] population. Festivals include the 13-day summer [[Karaga (festival)|Karaga]], celebrated in Malur and usually beginning the first Friday after [[Ugadi]]; the water festival [[Theppothsava]], and Dyavara.

==Notable people==
* [[Hyder Ali]] - father of [[Tipu Sultan]]
* [[L. Basavaraju]] - noted writer in Kannada
* [[Kupnalli M. Byrappa]] - poet and critic in Kannada
* [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M Visvesvaraya]] - Bharat Ratna and First Engineer of India
* [[D. V. Gundappa]] - Kannada poet
* [[K. C. Reddy]] - first Chief Minister of Karnataka
* [[Maasti Venkatesh Ayengar]] - Kannada writer and [[Jnanpith Award]] recipient
* [[K. H. Muniyappa]] - Former [[Union Minister]] of state for [[Indian Railways]]; represented Kolar in the [[Parliament of India]] for six terms
* [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] - Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys Technologies Limited
* [[Soundarya]] - South Indian film actress
* [[A. N. Prahlada Rao]] - author and crossword
* [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] - the founder of the style of yoga as exercise known as "Iyengar Yoga" and was considered one of the foremost yoga teachers in the world.
* [[Picchalli Srinivas]] - popular singer and theatre personality

=={{anchor|Upcoming institutions}}Media==
* ''Kolara Patrike'' - first Kannada daily newspaper
* ''Kolaravani'' - Kannada daily newspaper<ref>[http://www.newsvani.com Kolaravani]</ref>
* ''Kannada Thilaka'' – Kannada daily newspaper<ref>[http://www.kannadathilaka.epapertoday.com/ Kannada Thilaka]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of villages in Kolar district]]
* [[Our Lady of Victories Church, Kolar district, Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kolar district}}
* {{Official website|http://kolar.nic.in/}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolar District}}
[[Category:Kolar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]

[[kn:ಕೋಲಾರ]]

Kolar district - Revision history

imported>JoeNMLC at 18:30, 27 August 2021