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{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{About|the people who speak Konkani language|the people of the Konkan Division of Maharashtra|People of the Konkan Division}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Konkanites
| image = Monti Fest Pune.jpg
| caption = Konkanite Christians celebrating [[Monti Fest]] in [[Poona (Pune)]], 2009.
| total = '''{{circa}} 2.3 million'''
| total_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop2 = 788,204
| region1 = [[Goa]]
| pop1 = 964,305
| ref1 = <ref name="comissionerlangs">{{cite web | url = http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | title = Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | archive-date = 8 October 2007 }}</ref>
| region3 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop3 = 399,204
| ref3 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region5 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| pop5 = 96,305
| ref5 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region6 = [[Dang district, India|Dang district, Gujarat]]
| pop6 = 92,210
| ref6 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region7 = [[Kerala]]
| pop7 = 70,000(approx.)
| ref7 = {{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] <br />{{small|[[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malvani language|Malvani]], [[English language|English]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi-Urdu]], [[Indo-Portuguese]], [[Malayalam]] & [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] [[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]s{{·}}[[Luso-Indians]]{{·}}[[Marathi people|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]]
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Konkani people''' or '''Konkanites''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] native to the [[Konkan region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They speak various dialects of the [[Konkani language]]. Following the [[Konkani language agitation]], Konkani became the premier official language of [[Goa state]], while [[Mahratti|Marathi]] remains as the associate official language of Goa.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Team | first1=Herald | url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/story/news-today/official-language-day-the-fight-for-official-language-status-for-konkani-continues-to-this-day-in-goa/200554 | title=OFFICIAL LANGUAGE DAY: The Fight for Official Language status for Konkani continues to this day in Goa | work=Herald Goa | date=4 February 2023 }}</ref> Konkani is also spoken by populations in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman district, India|Damaon]], [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://randomthoughts16.medium.com/konkani-a-linguistic-minority-community-of-kerala-3969d8e2db8f | title=Konkani- A Linguistic Minority Community of Kerala | date=April 2024 }}</ref> & [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/the-fascinating-history-of-konkani-language/ | title=The Fascinating History of Konkani Language | Madras Courier | date=2 February 2023 }}</ref>
A large percentage of Konkani people are [[bilingual]].<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html|publisher=languageinindia.com|title=Language in India|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''[[Konkan|Koṅkaṇa]]'' (कोंकण) and, in turn ''Koṅkaṇi'', is derived from ''{{IAST|Kuṅkaṇa}}'' (कुङ्कण) or {{IAST|Kuṅkaṇu}} (कुङ्कणु). Different authorities elaborate etymology of this word differently. They include:
*''Koṇa'' (कोण) meaning top of the mountain.
*The name of aboriginal mother goddess, which is sometimes [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]] to mean goddess [[Renuka]].
*Some scholars believe that {{IAST|Koṅkaṇa}} (कोङ्कण) comes from {{IAST|koṇa}} (कोण) "corner" and {{IAST|kaṇa}} (कण) "land".<ref>Shastri Gaytonde, Gajanan (ed.). Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha) (in Marathi). Mumbai: Shree Katyani Publication.</ref><ref>Satoskar, B. D. Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti. Part 1 (in Marathi). Shubhada Publication. p. 206.</ref><ref>See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/कोंकण or https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/कोङ्कण for etymology.</ref> This arises from the legend of ''[[Parashuram|Paraśurāma]]'''s axe, which created a strip of land. This land is normally identified with ''[[Goa|Gomantaka or Govapuri]]'' (गोमन्तक or गोवपुरी), ''[[Kerala|Keralaputra-Deśa]]'' (केरलपुत्र देश), ''[[Karavali|Karāvaḷi]]'' (करावली; ಕರಾವಳಿ) or the whole of the Koṅkaṇa coast. It is therefore called ''[[Konkan|Paraśurāma-Sṛṩṭi]]'' (परशुराम सृष्टि).
Ultimately, the name ''Konkani'', comes from the word ''{{IAST|Konkaṇ}}'', which means ''the people of Konkan''.<ref name=mano>{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Ray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akedemi|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172016647|pages=317, (see chapter I, pages: 1–15)}}</ref>

==Sub-ethnic groups==
{{See also|People of Konkan division}}

===Endonyms===
[[File:Konkanispeakers.png|thumb|right|Goa: a State in India where Konkani is the official language]]
In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is ''{{IAST|Koṅkaṇo}}'' and the feminine form is {{IAST|Koṅkaṇe}}. The plural form is ''Konkane'' or ''Konkani''. In Goa ''Konkano'' now refers only to Hindus, as Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos, since they were banned by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from referring to themselves this way. [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s of Canara refer to the Konkanis as ''{{IAST|Āmcigelo}} /{{IAST|Āmcigelī}}''. This literally means ''our tongue'' or ''people speaking our tongue''. Though this is not common amongst the [[Goans]], they normally refer to Konkani as ''{{IAST|Āmgelī bhās}}'' or ''our language''. Sometimes ''{{IAST|Āmgele}}'' can be used in the Goan context to mean ''people from my community''.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Exonyms===
Many of the colonial documents mention them as the ''Concanees'', ''Canarians'', ''Concanies''.<ref name=concanee>{{cite book|last=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=House of Commons papers, Volume 5 By Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|year=1859|publisher=HMSO, 1859|location=Great Britain}}</ref><ref name=ker>{{cite book|author1=Krishnat P. Padmanabha Menon |author2=Jacobus Canter Visscher |title=History of Kerala: a history of Kerala written in the form of notes on Visscher's letters from Malabar, Volume 1|year=1924|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=see page 196}}</ref>

==History==

===Prehistory===
The prehistoric region consisting of Modern Goa and some parts of Konkan adjoining Goa were inhabited by the [[Homo sapiens]] in [[Upper Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] phase i.e. 8000–6000 BC. The rock engraving in many places along the coast has proven the existence of hunter-gathers.<ref name=usgal>{{cite book|last=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, Robert G. Bednarik, Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya|title=Indian rock art and its global context|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120814646|pages=228 pages (see page 34)}}</ref> Nothing much is known about these earliest settlers. Figures of [[mother goddess]] and many other motifs have been recovered which do not really shed light on the ancient culture and language.<ref name=us2>{{cite book|last=Goa (India : State). Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa University|title=Goa in the Indian sub-continent: seminar papers|year=2001|publisher=Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Govt. of Goa|location=Goa|pages=211 pages (see page 24)}}</ref> Traces of [[Shamanic]] religion have been found in Goa.<ref name=kamat>{{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Nandkumar|title=Prehistoric Goan Shamanism|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|publisher=The navahind times|access-date=30 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142019/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|archive-date=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is believed that tribes of [[Austric]] origin like ''[[Kols]]'', ''Mundaris'', ''Kharvis'' may have settled Goa and Konkan during the [[Neolithic]] period, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC.<ref name=axe>{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Goa to me|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170225041|pages=176 pages (see page 33)}}</ref> According to Goan historian ''Anant Ramakrishna Dhume'', the [[Gauda and Kunbi]] and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. In his work he mentions several words of Mundari origin in the Konkani language. He also elaborates on the deities worshiped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming and its overall impact on modern day Konkani society.<ref name=dhume>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 53, 94, 83, 95)}}</ref> They were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture, and they were food-gatherers rather.<ref name=kamat/> The tribe known as the ''Konkas'', from whom is derived the name of the region, ''Kongvan or [[Konkan]]'' with the other mentioned tribes formed reportedly the earliest settlers in the territory.<ref name=gomes>{{cite book|last=Gomes|first=Olivinho|title=Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change|year=1987|publisher=S. Chand|pages=426 pages}}</ref> Agriculture was not fully developed at this stage, and was just shaping up.{{Clarify|date=January 2019}} The Kols and Mundaris might have been using stone and wood implements as iron implements were used by the [[megalithic]] tribes as late as 1200 BC.<ref name=kamat/> The [[Kol tribe]] is believed to have migrated from [[Gujarat]].<ref name="desouza">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan history|year=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170222637|pages=219 pages (see pages 1–16)}}</ref> During this period worship of mother goddess in the form of [[anthill]] or ''Santer'', was started. Anthill is called as ''Roen'' (Konkani:रोयण), this word has been derived from the Austric word ''Rono'' meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated to ''Santara'' in Prakrit by them.<ref name="dhume"/>

===The later period===
The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Some of them might have been followers of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].<ref name=dhume24>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}</ref> They were known to speak the earliest form of [[Prakrit]] or [[Vedic Sanskrit]] vernacular.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} This migration of the ''northerners'' is mainly attributed to the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River]] in [[Northern India]]. Many historians claim only [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I explains that the original [[Rigvedic tribes|Sarasvat tribe]] consisted of people of all the folds who followed the [[varna (Hinduism)|Vedic fourfold system]] and not just [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I).

The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 and 1450 BC.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] people a [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.<ref name=kamat /> The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society.<ref name=dhume24/>

===The classical period===
The [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] era is marked with migrations from the East, advent of [[Buddhism]] and different ''Prakrit'' vernaculars.<ref name=maurya>{{cite web|last=Moraes|first=Prof. George|title=PRE-PORTUGUESE CULTURE OF GOA|url=http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|work=Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention|access-date=28 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190744/http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|archive-date=6 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The advent of [[Western Satrap]] rulers also led to many [[Indo-scythians|Scythian]] migrations, which later gave its way to the ''Bhoja'' kings.
The Yadava Bhojas patronised Buddhism and settled many Buddhist converts of Greek and [[Persian people|Persian]] origin.<ref name=bus>{{cite book|last=Satoskar|first=Ba.Da|title=Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II, in Marathi|year=1982|publisher=Shubhda publishers|location=Pune|pages=106}}</ref>

The [[Abhir]]s, [[Chalukya]]s, [[Rashtrakuta]]s, [[Shilahara]]s ruled the then Konkan-Goa for several years which was responsible for many changes in the society. Later The powerful [[Kadambas of Goa]], came to power. During their rule, the society underwent radical transition. Close contact with the [[Arabs]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], introduction of [[Jainism]], patronising [[Shaivism]], use of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]], the overseas trade had an overwhelming impact on the people.

===13th–19th century AD===
[[File:Brahmin Warrior.jpg|thumb|''[[Baji Rao I]]'', the second [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a Konkani and belonged to the [[Chitpavan]] community<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|author=Burman, J.J.R.|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC&pg=PA33|page=33|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|author1=Singer, M.B.|author2=Cohn, B.S.|date=1970|publisher=Aldine|isbn=9780202369334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA400|page=400|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|author=Rao, A.|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA55|page=55|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>]]

====Turkic rule====
In 1350CE, Goa was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin. However, in 1370, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day [[Hampi]], reconquered the area. The Vijayanagara rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for [[Arabian horse]]s on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijayanagara cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]]. When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's [[Bijapur Sultanate]], who made [[Goa Velha]] their second capital.

====Portuguese rule of Goa====
The [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] occurred in 1510 under the leadership of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] and with the assistance of the local Hindus led by [[Timoji]]. The [[Christianisation of Goa]] and its simultaneous Lusitanisation soon followed.<ref name="Crowley">{{cite book|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|author=Roger Crowley|publisher=Faber and Faber|date= 2015}}</ref>

The [[Goa Inquisition]] was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Its main aim was to investigate [[New Christians]] for [[heresy]], and to preserve the Catholic faith. [[Crypto-Jew]]s who emigrated to Goa from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to escape the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], were the main cause behind the launch of the Goa Inquisition. Some 16,202 persons were brought to trial by the Inquisition. 57 were sentenced to death and executed in person, another 64 were burned in effigy. Of these, 105 of them were men and 16 women. The rest of those convicted were subjected to lesser punishments or penanced. Those sentenced to various punishments totaled 4,046, out of whom 3,034 were men and 1,012 were women.<ref name="Tiswadi"/><ref name="Salomon, H. P 2001 pp. 345-7">Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. ''The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.</ref>

Seventy-one ''[[auto de fe|autos da fe]]'' were recorded. In the first few years alone, over 4000 people were arrested.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} According to the ''Chronista de Tissuary'' (Chronicles of [[Tiswadi]]), the last auto da fe was held in Goa on 7 February 1773.<ref name="Tiswadi">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999</ref>

In 1567, the campaign of destroying temples in Bardez was completed after the majority of the local Hindus had converted to Christianity. At the end of it, 300 Hindu temples were destroyed. Laws were enacted from 4 December 1567 prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals such as marriages, sacred thread wearing and cremation. All persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. In 1583, Hindu temples at [[Assolna]] and [[Cuncolim]] were also destroyed by the Portuguese after the majority of the locals had converted.

The remaining few Hindus who wanted to keep their Hindu religion did so, by emigrating to the neighbouring territories that continued to be ruled by Bijapur, where these Hindus again had to pay [[jizya tax]].<ref>The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century music, By Tim Carter, John Butt, pg. 105</ref>

====Impact on culture and language====
[[Konkani language]] had originally been studied and [[Konkani in the Roman script|Roman Konkani]] promoted by Catholic missionaries in Goa (e.g. [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]]) as a communication medium during the 16th century. The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] threat was compounded by their attacks on native Catholics and destruction of local churches during their repeated attacks on Goa in the 17th century. This led the Portuguese government to initiate a positive programme for the suppression of Konkani in Goa, in order to make native Catholic Goans identify fully with the Portuguese Empire.<ref name="Machado">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, pp. 133–134</ref> As a result, Konkani was suppressed and rendered unprivileged in Goa by the enforcement of Portuguese.<ref name="Newman">Newman, Robert S. (1999), ''The Struggle for a Goan Identity'', in Dantas, N., The Transformation of Goa, Mapusa: Other India Press, p. 17</ref>
Urged by the [[Franciscan]]s, the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684 and further decreed that within three years, the local people in general would speak the [[Portuguese language]] and use it in all their contacts and contracts made in Portuguese territories. The penalties for violation would be imprisonment. The decree was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687.<ref name="Machado"/> However, according to the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho's letter to the Portuguese monarch [[John V of Portugal|João V]] in 1731, these draconian measures were unsuccessful.

The fall of the "Province of the North" (which included [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Chaul]] and [[Salsette]]) in 1739 led to the suppression of Konkani gaining new strength. On 21 November 1745, the Archbishop of Goa, Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo ([[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]), decreed that fluency in Portuguese was mandatory for the Goan applicants to the priesthood, and also for all their immediate relatives (men as well as women). This language fluency would be confirmed via rigorous examinations by ordained priests. Furthermore, the ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' and ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage.

The [[Jesuits]], who had historically been the greatest advocates of Konkani, were expelled from Goa by the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]] in 1761. In 1812, the Archbishop decreed that children should be prohibited from speaking Konkani in schools. In 1847, this rule was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools until Portugal became a Republic in 1910.<ref name="Machado" />

The result of this linguistic displacement was that Konkani in Goa became the ''língua de criados'' (language of the servants).<ref name="Routledge">Routledge, Paul (22 July 2000), "Consuming Goa, Tourist Site as Dispensable space", Economic and Political Weekly, 35, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 264</ref> Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically, Konkani is at present the 'cement' that binds all Goans across caste, religion and class and is affectionately termed ''Konkani Mai'' (Mother Konkani).<ref name="Newman"/> Due to negative propaganda from the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]], Marathi was made the official language of Goa following the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961. Konkani received official recognition only in February 1987, when the Indian government recognized Konkani as the official language of Goa.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/Goa-battles-to-preserve-its-identity/articleshow/5935904.cms Goa battles to preserve its identity] – Times of India, 16 May 2010</ref>

==See also==
*[[Karnataka ethnic groups]]
*[[Udupi]]
*[[Malvani Konkani]]
*[[Malvani people]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Hindu Temples and deities'' by Rui Pereira Gomes
* ''Bharatiya Samaj Vighatak Jati Varna Vyavastha'' by P.P. Shirodkar, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal
* ''Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer'' by Vithal Trimbak Gune, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept, Published by Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 1979
* ''The Village Communities. A Historical and legal Perspective'' – Souza de, Carmo. In: Borges, Charles J. 2000: 112 and Velinkar, Joseph. ''Village Communities in Goa and their Evolution''
* ''Caste and race in India'' by Govind Sadashiv Ghurye
* ''The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. '' by Anant Ramkrishna Sinai Dhume

==External links==

{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712124015/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html History of Konkani Muslims of Coastal Maharashtra]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123823/http://www.kanarasaraswat.org/ The Kanara Saraswat Association ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308013342/http://culture.konkani.com/ About the roots of the Konkani speaking Saraswat Brahmin community]
*[http://www.indiacatholic.com/goaandmangolorean.htm History of Mangalorean Konkani Christians]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project]

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani people}}
[[Category:Konkani people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]

Konkani people - Revision history

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying at 07:02, 31 December 2025