https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Konyak_language
Konyak language - Revision history
2026-07-31T04:41:05Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.45.4
https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Konyak_language&diff=423541&oldid=prev
Ajay Kumar at 20:46, 30 August 2023
2023-08-30T20:46:18Z
<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Language}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Konyak<br />
|nativename=<br />
|states=[[India]], [[Myanmar]]<br />
|ethnicity=[[Konyak people|Konyak]]<br />
|speakers=246,000<br />
|date=2011<br />
|ref=<ref name="e25"/><br />
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan<br />
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br />
|fam3=[[Sal languages|Sal]]<br />
|fam4=[[Konyak languages|Konyak]]<br />
|fam5=Konyak–Chang<br />
|iso3=nbe<br />
|glotto=kony1248<br />
|glottorefname=Konyak Naga<br />
|notice=IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Konyak''' is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language spoken by the [[Konyak people]] in the state of [[Nagaland]], north-eastern India.<br />
<br />
The language has {{sigfig|244135|3}} speakers in the state (as of the 2011 census); most of these ({{sigfig|236640|3}}) are in [[Mon district]], with smaller populations in the districts of [[Dimapur district|Dimapur]] ({{sigfig|2907|2}}), [[Kohima district|Kohima]] ({{sigfig|2012|2}}), [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]] ({{sigfig|1117|2}}), and [[Longleng district|Longleng]] ({{sigfig|925|1}}).<ref>{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, Nagaland – 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10216| access-date = 7 January 2023}}</ref><!--534 speakers in the rest of Nagaland, 342 in the rest of India--> There are also an estimated 2,000 speakers in neighbouring Myanmar, specifically in [[Hkamti District]] and in [[Lahe, Myanmar|Lahe]] township.<ref name="e25">{{e25|nbe|Naga, Konyak}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
===Konyak (2021)===<br />
A list of Konyak dialects from Hoipo Konyak (2021:5) is given below.<ref>Konyak, Hoipo. 2021. ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EJlweB8aESn4-FPqRitRUjym8gRUgSZB/view A preliminary grammar of Chen, a Konyak language of India and Myanmar]''. M.A. dissertation. Chiang Mai: Payap University.</ref><br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*Angphang<br />
*Hopao<br />
*Changnyu<br />
*Chen (8 villages in [[Lahe Township]], Myanmar, and 10 villages in [[Mon District]], Nagaland, India<ref>Statezni, Nathan; Konyak, Hoipo. 2021. ''Chen villages in Myanmar and India''. Unpublished manuscript.</ref>)<br />
*Chingkao<br />
*Chinglang<br />
*Choha<br />
*Gelekidora<br />
*Jakphang<br />
*Kon (spoken in Myanmar)<br />
*Kahyu (spoken in Myanmar)<br />
*Lhongkhai<br />
*Longmein<br />
*Longwa<br />
*Mon<br />
*Mulung<br />
*Nganching<br />
*Sang<br />
*Shanlang<br />
*Shunyuo<br />
*Shenghah<br />
*Sima<br />
*Sowa<br />
*Shamnyuyanga<br />
*Tableang<br />
*Tabu<br />
*Tamkhungnyuo<br />
*Tang<br />
*Tobunyuo<br />
*Tolamleinyua<br />
*Totok<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===''Ethnologue''===<br />
''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following dialects of Konyak.<br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*Angphang<br />
*Hopao<br />
*Changnyu<br />
*Chen<br />
*Chingkao<br />
*Chinglang<br />
*Choha<br />
*Gelekidoria<br />
*Jakphang<br />
*Longching<br />
*Longkhai <br />
*Longmein<br />
*Longwa<br />
*Mon<br />
*Mulung<br />
*Ngangching<br />
*Sang<br />
*Shanlang<br />
*Shunyuo<br />
*Shengha<br />
*Sima<br />
*Sowa<br />
*Shamnyuyanga<br />
*Tableng (Angwangku, Kongon, Mohung, Wakching)<br />
*Tabu<br />
*Tamkhungnyuo<br />
*Tang<br />
*Tobunyuo<br />
*Tolamleinyua<br />
*Totok<br />
*Hongphoi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Tableng is the standard dialect spoken in Wanching and Wakching.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
There are three lexically contrastive [[contour tone]]s in Konyak – rising (marked in writing by an acute accent – á), falling (marked by a grave accent – à) and level (unmarked).<ref>{{Harvnb|Nagaraja|2010|p=8}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
{| class="IPA wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-align="center"<br />
![[close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA|i}}<br />
| {{IPA|ɨ}}<br />
| {{IPA|u}}<br />
|-align="center"<br />
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| {{IPA|e}}<br />
| {{IPA|ə}}<br />
| {{IPA|o}}<br />
|-align="center"<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|a}}<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The vowels {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} are lengthened before [[Approximant consonant|approximants]]. {{IPA|/ə/}} does not occur finally.<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]<br />
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]<br />
| {{IPA|p}}<br>{{IPA|pʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA|t̪}}<br />
| {{IPA|c}}<br />
| {{IPA|k}}<br>{{IPA|kʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA|ʔ}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA|m}}<br />
| {{IPA|n̪}}<br />
| {{IPA|ɲ}}<br />
| {{IPA|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|s}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|h}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|l}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
| {{IPA|w}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[Stop consonant|stops]] {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} contrast with the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] {{IPA|/pʰ/}} and {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/c/}} become voiced intervocalically across [[morpheme]] boundaries. The dental {{IPA|/t/}} is realised as an [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] if preceded by a vowel with a rising tone. The [[Approximant consonant|approximants]] {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} are pronounced [[Lax vowel|laxer]] and shorter after vowels; {{IPA|/w/}} becomes tenser initially before high vowels. If morpheme-initial or intervocalic, {{IPA|/j/}} is pronounced with audible friction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nagaraja|2010|pp=21–2}}</ref> {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, {{IPA| /kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/c/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} do not occur morpheme-finally, while {{IPA|/ʔ/}} does not appear morpheme-initially. Except for morpheme-initial {{IPA|/kp/}} and {{IPA|/kʰl/}}, consonant clusters occur only medially.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nagaraja|2010|p=23}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
*{{Citation| last= Nagaraja| first= K.S.| title= Konyak Grammar| year= 2010| publisher= Central Institute of Indian Languages|place= Mysore| isbn= 978-81-7342-195-2}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{Citation| author= Ine Jongne Jame| title= Primer for Adults in Konyak Language| year= 1957| place= Guwahati }}<br />
*{{Citation| last= Kumar|first= Brij Bihari| title= Hindi-Konyak Dictionary| year= 1972| publisher= Nagaland Bhasha Parishad| place= Kohima}}<br />
*{{Citation| last= Kumar|first= Brij Bihari| title= Konyak Vyakaran ki Ruprekha| year= 1972| publisher= Nagaland Bhasha Parishad| place= Kohima}}<br />
*{{Citation| last= Nagaraja| first= K.S.| title= Kinship terms in Konyak Naga| year= 1996| url= http://rilca.mahidol.ac.th/e-resources/documents/05-MonKhmer/27/nagaraja1997kinship.pdf| access-date= 18 July 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327195710/http://rilca.mahidol.ac.th/e-resources/documents/05-MonKhmer/27/nagaraja1997kinship.pdf| archive-date= 27 March 2012| url-status= dead}}<br />
*{{Citation| last= Nagaraja| first= K.S.| title= Konyak–Hindi–English Dictionary| publisher= Central Institute of Indian Languages|place= Mysore}}<br />
*{{Citation| last= Nagaraja| first= K.S.| journal= Indian Linguistics| title= Relativization in Konyak| volume= 45| pages= 41–8}}<br />
<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Sal languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
{{Languages of Burma}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]<br />
[[Category:Sal languages]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]</div>
Ajay Kumar