UpdateBot at 17:25, 26 June 2022

2022-06-26T17:25:39Z

New page

{{Short description|District in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Other uses|Krishnagiri (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Krishnagiri District
| official_name =
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = File:Krishnagiri Fort Hill.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hill on which [[Krishnagiri Fort]] is located
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Krishnagiri district'''
|type=shape |id=Q15183
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|31|4.8|N|78|12|46.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name5 = '''[[Hosur]]'''
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 9 February 2004
| founder = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Krishnagiri]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Krishnagiri taluk|Krishnagiri]], [[Hosur taluk|Hosur]], [[Denkanikottai taluk|Denkanikottai]], [[Shoolagiri]], [[Pochampalli taluk|Pochampalli]], [[Uthangarai taluk|Uthangarai]], [[Bargur]], [[Anchetty]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Collector
| leader_name1 = Dr. Jeyachandrabanu reddy IAS
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,879,809
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635001
| area_code = 04343
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = TN 24, TN 70<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf|title=www.tn.gov.in|website=tn.gov.in|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://krishnagiri.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{coord|12|31|N|78|12|E}}
| Largest city = Hosur
}}

'''Krishnagiri district''' is one of the 38 districts (a district in the north western part) of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], in India. This district is carved out from [[Dharmapuri District]] by 2004. The municipal town of [[Krishnagiri]] is the district headquarters. In Tamil Nadu, ''e-Governance'' was first introduced at Krishnagiri district under the National e-Governance Project (NEGP) in revenue and social welfare departments on a pilot basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=e-Governance in Pilot Basis|url=http://www.tnega.in/edistrict.html|publisher=TNeGA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CM to inaugurate e-Governance scheme in Krishnagiri|url=http://hindu.com/2010/09/23/stories/2010092351070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927174556/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/23/stories/2010092351070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2010}}</ref> The district is one of the largest producers of [[mango]]es in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/india/2011/11/111113_mangopulpexportwoes.shtml | title=Arab political world's uncertainty shakes Mango export of India | date=13 November 2011 | publisher=BBC | access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,879,809 with a sex-ratio of 958 females for every 1,000 males.

==Etymology==
''Krishna'' refers to 'black' and ''giri'' refers to 'hill'. The area contains many [[granite]] hillocks, hence the name ''Krishnagiri''. History says this area was under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and those days it was custom to name a town or a landmark after one of its famous king, [[Krishnadevaraya]]. There is a hill with a fort on top next to the Town Bus Stand as a landmark. When [[Tipu Sultan]] conquered this area he renamed it as Syed Basha Hill and built a mosque on top. But the name of the town remained the same.

==History==
[[File:Krishnagiri fort.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|Krishnagiri Fort}}]]
Krishnagiri district was formed as the 30th district of Tamil Nadu on 9 February 2004. It was formed by carving out five taluks and ten blocks of the erstwhile [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] district. The first collector of Krishnagiri was Mangat Ram Sharma.

===Dolmens===
{{See also | List of Dolmens#India | l1= Dolmens in India | Archaeology in India }}

[[Moral Pari]] near Mallachandram has more than 100 [[dolmen]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080311091934/http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2008-03-11 |title= Krishnagiri District Website |publisher= Krishnagiri.tn.nic.in |access-date= 2013-03-15 }}</ref> The site is located {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Krishnagiri.

==District administration==
A district collector heads the district administration. Krishnagiri district is divided into two divisions and seven taluks for the purpose of revenue administration. A Revenue Divisional Officer heads each division and a Tahsildars are in charge of taluk level administration. Development administration in this district is coordinated by panchayats (or blocks) in rural areas. There are about ten panchayat unions, seven town panchayats, 352 village Panchayats and 874 revenue villages in this district. The two revenue divisions are Krishnagiri and Hosur. The eight taluks are [[Krishnagiri taluk|Krishnagiri]], [[Hosur taluk|Hosur]], [[Pochampalli taluk|Pochampalli]], [[Uthangarai taluk|Uthangarai]], [[Shoolagiri]], [[Bargur taluk|Bargur]] and [[Denkanikottai taluk|Anchetti Denkanikottai]]. There are 12 panchayat unions: [[Kelamangalam]], [[Thalli block|Thalli]], , [[Krishnagiri]], [[Shoolagiri block|Shoolagiri]], [[Veppanapalli block|Veppanapalli]], [[Hosur]], [[Kaveripattinam block|Kaveripattinam]], [[Pochampalli taluk|Pochampalli]], [[Mathur block|Mathur]], and [[Uthangarai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishnagiri District Map|url=https://krishnagiri.nic.in/about-district/map-of-district/|publisher=krishnagiri.nic.in|date=2021-01-21|access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Krishnagiri district covers an area of 5143 km². Krishnagiri district is bound by [[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]] to the southeast, [[Thiruvannamalai]] districts to the east, [[Dharmapuri district]] to the south and [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]], [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]], [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]] and [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]] districts of the state of [[Karnataka]] to the northwest and west and [[Chittoor district]] of the state [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the north. This district is elevated from 300 m to 1400 m above the mean sea level. It is located between 11° 12' N and 12° 49' N latitude, 77° 27' E to 78° 38' E longitude.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Taluk HQ
! Latitude (N)
! Longitude (E)
|-
| Krishnagiri Taluk
| 12o32’44"
| 78o13’36"
|-
| Pochampalli Taluk
| 12o20’
| 78o22’
|-
| Uthangarai Taluk
| 12o15’
| 78o33’
|-
| Hosur Taluk
| 12o48’
| 77o50’23"
|-
| Denkanikottai Taluk
| 12o02’
| 77o47’
|-
| Bargur Taluk
| 12o55’
| 78o37’
|}

It basically has a mountainous terrain. The flatlands are irrigated by the South Pennar River. The eastern part of the district experiences a hot climate and the western part contrastingly has a pleasant climate. The average rainfall is 830 mm per year. March - June is the summer season. July - November is the rainy season and during December - February winter prevails.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Rainfall (in mm)
|-
| 2001–2002
| 825.700
|-
| 2002–2003
| 521.600
|-
| 2003–2004
| 1075.600
|-
| 2004–2005
| 230.620
|-
| 2005–2006
| 1262.800
|}

'''Net cultivated, irrigated, double, multiple cropped, cultivable wasteland, water land and forest'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Classification
! Geo.
! Extent (ha)
|-
| Forest
| 202409
| 39%
|-
| Banner and uncultivable waste
| 24194
| 5%
|-
| Land put to non-agricultural uses
| 21466
| 4%
|-
| Cultivable waste
| 6341
| 1%
|-
| Permanent pastures and other grassing lands
| 7378
| 1%
|}

==Transportation==
[[File:Hosur.JPG|thumb|<center>Aerial view of [[Hosur]]</center>]]
The following major national highway roads pass through Krishnagiri district:--

* NH - 44: (old number: NH 7; Srinagar to Kanyakumari; passes through Hosur, Krishnagiri and Kaveripattinam)
* NH - 48: (old number: NH 46; New Delhi to Chennai; passes through Hosur, Krishnagiri and Bargur)
* NH - 42: (old number: NH 219; Krishnagiri to Palamaner; starts from Krishnagiri, passes through Varatanapalli)
* NH - 77 (connecting Krishnagiri to Tindivanam, via Mathur, Uthangarai)
* NH - 648 (old number: NH 207; Hosur to Dobbaspet, via Bagalur)
*NH - 844 (old number: SH 17, Hosur to Adhiyamaankottai)

There are state highways passing through the district.

* SH 17: Malur-Hosur-Adhiyamaan Kottai
* SH 17A: Hosur-Denkanikottai
* SH 17B: Hosur-Denkanikottai (via Thally)
*SH 17C: Bagalur-Berigai
* SH 131: Bargur-Tirupattur
* SH 85: Attibele - Rayakottai (via Hosur and kelamangalam)
* SH 60: Hogenakkal - Tirupattur (via Mathur)
* SH 514: Kuppam - Patchur - Natrampalli
* SH 433: Vepanapalli - Kuppam (via Gudupalle)

Also, several MDRs (Major District Roads) pass through this district. They are as follows:

1. MD-53 Bagalur - Berigai Road

2. MD-91 Denkanikottai - Kelamangalam Road

3. MD-124 Hosur Town to Hosur Railway Station Road

4. MD-157 Kaveripattinam - Kakkangarai Road

5. MD-192 Krishnagiri - Rayakottai Road

6. MD-193 KRP Dam approach Road

7. MD-366 Pondy - Krishnagiri Road

8. MD-422 Shoolagiri - Berigai Road

9. MD-424 Singarapet - Thirupathur Road

10. MD-456 Theertham - Berigai Road

11. MD-517 Uthangarai bypass road

12. MD-588 Denkanikottai - Anchetty - Natrampalayam Road

13. MD-660 Pondy Krishnagiri Road to Hill Round Road

14. MD-703 Thally - Jawalagiri - Karnataka State Border Road

15. MD-754 Kundarapalli - Veppanapalli Road

16. MD-861 Kaveripattinam - Palacode Road

17. MD-862 Kaveripattinam - Pochampalli Road

18. MD-863 Jandamedu - Puliyur Road

19. MD-1000 Veppanapalli - Theertham Road

20. MD-1001 Kurubarapalli - Kothakrishnapalli Road

21. MD 1186 - Perandapalli - Athimugam

===Railways===
[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]-[[Dharmapuri]]-[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] broad gauge line runs through Hosur. [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu|Kovai]]-[[Erode]]-[[Jolarpettai]] broad gauge line runs through kallavi and Samalpatti.

==Public amenities==

===Irrigation===
[[File:KRP Dam.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|Krishnagiri Reservoir Project Dam}}]]
The Public Works Department and Panchayat union tanks, ponds and supply channels play an important role in the irrigation of Krishnagiri district. However, they have to be desilted and strengthened. New check dams and flood protection walls have to be constructed for water conservation.

===Electricity===
Street lighting in rural areas is vested with the Panchayat Administration. The panchayats look after the erection of new streetlights in the hamlets, payment of current consumption charges from the panchayat funds. The procurement of tube lights, sodium vapor lights and other electrical appliances is done by the connected panchayat itself. Overall, 95% of the hamlets are covered under rural electrification. Generally the power supply position in Krishnagiri District is normal. However, in some areas the low voltage problem is felt, especially in the hamlets in the ghat section. To minimize the current consumption charges in the panchayats, efforts were taken to utilize solar power lights as an alternate and renewable source in Krishnagiri district.

===Education===
There is a Community Polytechnic run by the Government in Krishnagiri district. Also, the TAHDCO (Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing Development Corporation) offers nursing and catering training under vocational training courses through private training institutions to people belonging to SC/ST communities. To uplift the education of women, St. James Tailoring Institute is striving for the welfare of women in Krishnagiri town. This dress making technology gives self earning at home and makes women to get jobs in ready made garment companies in Krishnagiri itself.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Education centers
! No.
|-
| Primary schools
| 988
|-
| Middle schools
| 107
|-
| High schools
| 113
|-
| Hr. sec. schools
| 72
|-
| Industrial training institutions
| 5
|-
| Music schools
| 1
|-
| Teachers training schools
| 2
|-
| Polytechnics
| 8
|-
| Engineering colleges
| 5
|-
| Arts and science colleges
| 8
|-
| Computer Training Institutes
| 5
|}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,89,745|13=1911|14=4,07,883|15=1921|16=3,89,723|17=1931|18=4,54,928|19=1941|20=5,26,107|21=1951|22=5,92,009|23=1961|24=7,16,442|25=1971|26=8,81,371|27=1981|28=10,56,885|29=1991|30=13,05,013|31=2001|32=15,61,118|33=2011|34=18,79,809|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}[[File:Templeathosur.jpg|thumb|Shiva temple at Hosur]]
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Krishnagiri district had a population of 1,879,809 with a sex-ratio of 963 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 217,323 were under the age of six, constituting 112,832 males and 104,491 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 14.22% and 1.19% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 63.2%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The district had a total of 448,053 households. There were a total of 877,779 workers, comprising 218,600 cultivators, 197,369 main agricultural labourers, 15,237 in house hold industries, 310,795 other workers, 135,778 marginal workers, 17,438 marginal cultivators, 6 45,700 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Krishnagiri district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=703971|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150509/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=703971|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Krishnagiri district (2011)<ref name="dashboard" />
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|6.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.91}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}}
}}
[[Hinduism]] is the major religion and is practiced by 91.7% of the population, followed by [[Islam|Muslim]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] minorities which are 6.13% and 1.91%.<ref name="dashboard" />
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Krishnagiri district (2011)
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 12.70 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 21.56 |color2 = aqua
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 5.87 |color4 = green
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 58.23 |color1 = yellow
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.64 |color5 = gray
|thumb=left
}}
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the official language, and is spoken by 58.23% of the population. Another 21.56% speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 12.70% [[Kannada]] and 5.87% [[Urdu]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

==Economy==
===Agriculture===
*The important crops of Krishnagiri District are paddy, maize, ragi, banana, sugarcane, cotton, tamarind, coconut, mango, groundnut, vegetables and flowers. The district has an excellent scope for agri-business.
*The Regional Agricultural Research Center of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University has been functioning efficiently at Paiyur in Kaveripattinam union since 1973. This center functions in 18.5 hec. of land. It helps the peasants to develop and adopt the modern technique of cultivation. It has developed hybrid seeds by research which yields more tonnage and good quality.
*Krishnagiri district is famous for [[mango]]es, and for the [[granite]] industry with quarries and processing units spread around the district. With a 40% share, the district is the top producer of [[Finger millet|ragi]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/agriculture.pdf | title=Agriculture | work=Statistical Hand Book 2018 | publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu Department of Economics and Statistics | access-date=12 July 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Hosur]], one of the most industrialized places in the state, is located in this district.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Production
! Area (hectares)
|-
| Paddy
| 20,687
|-
| Ragii
| 48,944
|-
| Other minor crops
| 11,937
|-
| Pulses
| 48,749
|-
| Sugarcane
| 50,000
|-
| Mango
| 30,017
|-
| Coconut
| 13,192
|-
| Tamarind
| 1,362
|-
| Other crops
| 43,199
|}

===Mining and forestry based activities===
*In Krishnagiri district, quarry leases are being granted for granite in Patta lands. Rough stone and earth quarry leases are being granted in government and patta lands under Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules 1959. The Public Works Department (WRO wing) is operating sand quarry in riverbeds. A state owned corporation called Tamil Nadu Metals and Mineral Ltd is also earning quarry and mining grants in government lands. The total mineral revenue realized during 2006-07 was Rs. 7.45 crores. It is ascertained that nearly 7,000 workers are being engaged in quarry activities.
*As Krishnagiri District has 2,02,409 hectares of forest land which constitutes 39% of the total geographical area, there are abundant produce from the forest areas. Bamboo products, honey collection and tamarind production are the forestry land activities found in Anchetty, Denkanikotta, Thally and Berigai areas. This has generated employment opportunities for thousands of rural people in these areas.

===Animal husbandry and fisheries===
*'''Fisheries'''
(Details about the revenue in fisheries up to 15 July 2007)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Reservoir
! Target (MT)
! Achievement
! Revenue collection (Rs)
! Fishermen benefited / amount
|-
| Krishnagiri Dam
| 51.0
| 6.810
| 4844
| 23/4844
|-
| Pambaru Dam
| 30
| 2.018
| 13570
| 16/13570
|-
| Kelavarppalli Dam
| 29.0
| 15.110
| 95387
| 30/95387
|-
| Barur Lake
| 284.0
| 17.600
| 124600
| 37/124600
|-
| Chinnaru Dam
| 6.8
| 0.931
| 10410
| 5/10410
|-
| Mayil Ravanan Lake
| 3.0
| 0.164
| 820
| 1/820
|-
| Ramanayakan Lake
| 4.0
| 0.273
| 2305
| 1/2305
|-
| Paraiyur Lake
| 2.0
| 0.216
| 1869
| 1/1260
|}
*'''Animal husbandry'''
In Krishnagiri District the annual income in the animal husbandry sector was as follows for 2006-07.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Classification
! Income received
|-
|[[Milk]]
| 24,94,926
|-
|[[Egg as food|Egg]]
| 3,88,192
|-
|[[Pork]]
| 1,54,496
|-
| Sale of livestock
| 4,21,578
|-
| [[Miscellaneous]]
| 13,55,244
|-
| [[Artificial insemination]]
| 5,79,898
|-
| LN 2 ([[liquid nitrogen]])
| 1,27,819
|-
| '''Total income'''
| 55,22,153
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kistnagherry Krishnagiri.jpg|<center>Kistnagherry fort painting by Alexander Allan</center>
File:Oosor Hosur , Salem District.jpg|<center>An old photo of Hosur</center>
File:View of Anchittidrug (Mysore). Between 1790 and 1792.jpg|<center>Anchettidurgam painting by Sir Alexander Allan</center>
File:Ryacotta in the Barramah'l.jpg|<center>Rayakottai fort painting by Thomas Daniel</center> 
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Transport in Krishnagiri]]
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Avathuvadi]]
*[[Baliganur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://krishnagiri.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Krishnagiri district
|North = [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]
|Northeast = [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|East = [[Vellore district]]
|Southeast = [[Tiruvannamalai district]]
|South = [[Dharmapuri district]]
|Southwest = [[Chamarajanagar district]], [[Karnataka]]
|West = [[Ramanagara district]], [[Karnataka]]
|Northwest = [[Bangalore Rural district]], [[Karnataka]] [[Bangalore district]], [[Karnataka]]
}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnagiri District}}
[[Category:Krishnagiri district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Krishnagiri district - Revision history

UpdateBot at 17:25, 26 June 2022