https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Kuchean_languageKuchean language - Revision history2026-07-31T02:43:34ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Kuchean_language&diff=425290&oldid=prevAjay Kumar at 17:55, 5 September 20232023-09-05T17:55:10Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Kuchean<br />
| nativename = Tocharian B <br /> Kuśiññe<br />
|image = Kizil standing Buddha. Tocharian inscription "This Buddha was painted by the hand of Sanketava".jpg<br />
|imagealt = <br />
|imagecaption = Tocharian inscription "This Buddha was painted by the hand of Sanketava"<br />
|states = [[Kucha#History|Kucha]]<br />
|region = [[Tarim Basin]]<br />
|ethnicity = [[Tocharians]]<br />
|extinct = 9th century AD<br />
|ref =<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]]<br />
| ancestor = [[Proto-Tocharian]]<br />
|script = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Tocharian alphabet]]<br />
*[[Manichaean script]]}}<br />
|lc1=txb |ld=Tocharian B<br />
|linglist=xtb |lingname=Tocharian B<br />
|glotto=tokh1243<br />
|glottorefname=Tokharian B<br />
|notice=IPA<br />
}}<br />
{{Indo-European topics}}<br />
'''Kuchean''' (also known as '''Tocharian B''' or '''West Tocharian''') was a Western member of [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian branch]] of Indo-European languages, extinct from ninth century. Once spoken in the [[Tarim Basin]] in [[Central Asia]]. Tocharian B shows an internal chronological development; three linguistic stages have been detected.{{sfn|Peyrot|2008|p={{pn|date=June 2022}}}} The oldest stage is attested only in Kucha. There are also the middle ('classicalʼ), and the late stage.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Peyrot |first1=Michaël |title=Tocharian Language |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |year=2015 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tocharian-language }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Nomenclature==<br />
Acorrding to Peyrot, the self-designation for the language was ''kuśi'' 'Kuča'.<ref>Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: ''The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective''. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 83. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.006.</ref> In scholarly works, it is known as '''West Tocharian''' or '''Kuchean'''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fortson|first=Benjamin W.|title=Indo-European Language and Culture|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|page=351|isbn=1-4051-0316-7|author-link=Benjamin W. Fortson IV}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
According to scholar Michael Peyrot, Tocharian B is dated between the 5th and 10th centuries AD, and was spread from [[Kucha|Kuča]] to Yānqi and [[Turfan]].<ref>Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: ''The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective''. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 83. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.006.</ref> Paul Widmer, following Tamai's and Adams's studies, situates Tocharian B roughly between 400 CE to 1200 CE, its oldest layer dating from ca. 400 to 600 CE, around "Kucha and environs".<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110523874-034 |chapter=The dialectology of Tocharian |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |year=2017 |last1=Widmer |first1=Paul |pages=1392–1393 |isbn=978-3-11-052387-4 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/140805/1/Widmer2017.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Documentation ===<br />
According to J. H. W. Penney, Tocharian B is reported to be documented as Buddhist religious literature, and as secular material "pertaining to everyday life".<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110523874-029 |chapter=The documentation of Tocharian |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |year=2017 |last1=Penney |first1=J. H. W. |page=1299 |isbn=978-3-11-052387-4 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
;Studies:<br />
* {{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110523874-029 |chapter=The documentation of Tocharian |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |year=2017 |last1=Penney |first1=J. H. W. |pages=1298–1303 |isbn=978-3-11-052387-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004358218 |title=Variation and change in Tocharian B |year=2008 |last1=Peyrot |first1=Michaël |isbn=978-90-04-35821-8 }}<br />
* Peyrot, Michaël. “Tocharian”. In: ''The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective''. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 83–101. {{doi|10.1017/9781108758666.006}}.<br />
* {{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110523874-034 |chapter=The dialectology of Tocharian |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |year=2017 |last1=Widmer |first1=Paul |pages=1389–1396 |isbn=978-3-11-052387-4 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/140805/1/Widmer2017.pdf }}<br />
<br />
;Tocharian literature:<br />
* Lundysheva, Olga and Maue, Dieter. "An Old Uyghur text fragment related to the Tocharian B “History of Kuchean kings”". In: ''Religion and State in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Friedensau, Germany, August 18–23, 2019''. Edited by Oliver Corff, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110730562-010<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Peyrot |first1=Michaël |last2=Wilkens |first2=Jens |title=Two Tocharian B fragments parallel to the Hariścandra-Avadāna of the Old Uyghur Daśakarmapathāvadānamālā |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |date=September 2014 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=319–335 |doi=10.1556/aorient.67.2014.3.6 |jstor=90004169 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilkens |first1=Jens |last2=Pinault |first2=Georges-Jean |last3=Peyrot |first3=Michaël |title=A tocharian B parallel to the legend of kalmāṣapāda and sutasoma of the old uyghur daśakarmapathāvadānamālā |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |date=March 2014 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1556/aorient.67.2014.1.1 |jstor=90004088 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Douglas Q. |title=Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary II: Words Pertaining to the Lower Limbs in Tocharian B |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=July 1983 |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=611–613 |doi=10.2307/602042 |jstor=602042 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Douglas Q. |title=Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary III: Three Tocharian B Terms for Parts of the Upper Body |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=October 1983 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=759–760 |doi=10.2307/602235 |jstor=602235 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Douglas Q. |title=Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=April 1986 |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=339–341 |doi=10.2307/601599 |jstor=601599 }}<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Arndt |editor1-first=Walter W. |editor2-last=Brosman Jr. |editor2-first=Paul W. |editor3-last=Coenen |editor3-first=Frederic E. |editor4-last=Friedrich |editor4-first=Werner P. |chapter=On the Interrelationship of the Tocharian Dialects |pages=105–134 |jstor=10.5149/9781469657035_arndt.13 |title=Studies in Historical Linguistics in Honor of George Sherman Lane: Festschrift for George S. Lane |date=1967 |volume=58 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-5703-5 |doi=10.1353/book.75772 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/39808/1/9781469657035_WEB.pdf }}<br />
* {{cite journal |doi=10.13173/centasiaj.63.1-2.0071 |title=Paper in Eighth-Century Kucha: Discovery of Cotton Fibres within Chinese and Kuchean Documents |year=2020 |last1=Chao-Jung |last2=慶昭蓉 |last3=Enami Kazuyuki |last4=江南和幸 |last5=Okada Yoshihiro |last6=岡田至弘 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=63 |issue=1–2 |page=71 |s2cid=236875646 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |doi=10.13173/centasiaj.61.2.0217 |title=Vignettes of Buddhist Asceticism: Jottings on Six Fragments in Tocharian B |year=2018 |last1=Chen |last2=陳瑞翾 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=61 |issue=2 |page=217 |s2cid=198766202 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Hilmarsson |first1=Jörundur |title=West Tocharian lyauto 'hole, opening' and related words |journal=Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics |date=1988 |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=166–169 |jstor=40848921 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Ronald I. |title=Another Look at Tocharian B ṣarya |journal=Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics |date=2009 |volume=122 |pages=111–117 |doi=10.13109/hisp.2009.122.1.111 |jstor=41430701 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Malzahn |first1=Melanie |chapter=Now You See It, Now You Don’t – Bewegliches -o in Tocharisch B |pages=33–82 |jstor=j.ctt3fgk5q.5 |title=Multilingualism and History of Knowledge, Vol. 2: Linguistic Developments Along the Silkroad: Archaism and Innovation in Tocharian |date=2012 |volume=12 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt3fgk5q.5 |isbn=978-3-7001-7304-5 |author-link=Melanie Malzahn}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Ogihara |first1=Hirotoshi |chapter=Two Fragments of Tocharian B laissez-passers Kept in the Berlin Collection |pages=33–45 |doi=10.1163/9789004362253_004 |title=Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-36222-2 }}<br />
* Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Surveying the Tocharian B Lexicon". In: ''Orientalistische Literaturzeitung'', vol. 114, no. 2, 2019, pp. 91-97. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1515/olzg-2019-0030<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Stumpf |first1=Peter |title=Westtocharisch se-seṃ: zwei Paradigmen oder nur eines? |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1976 |volume=90 |issue=1/2 |pages=114–127 |jstor=40848492 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |title=A Linguistic Classification of 'Tocharian' B Texts |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=October 1955 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=216–225 |doi=10.2307/595385 |jstor=595385 |author-link= Werner Winter (linguist)}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |title=Lexical Interchange between 'Tocharian' A and B |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=August 1961 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=271–280 |doi=10.2307/595658 |jstor=595658 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Woolner |first1=A. C. |title=Sanskrit Names of Drugs in Kuchean |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1925 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=623–638 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00168807 |jstor=25220813 |s2cid=162418763 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* ''[https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/tochB.html A dictionary of Tocharian B]'' by [[Douglas Q. Adams]]<br />
* [[:wikt:Category:Tocharian B lemmas|Tocharian B lemmas]] in [[Wiktionary]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Tocharian languages| ]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Xinjiang]]</div>Ajay Kumar