2409:4063:4C9C:47A3:7B04:DAD0:7F47:F2E3 at 16:40, 3 June 2021

2021-06-03T16:40:08Z

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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{cleanup|date=February 2014|reason=reformat footnotes}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name= Kudumbi
|classification= Farmers, cultivators
|populated_states= [[Kerala]]
|languages= [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]]
|ethnicity= Kunbis of Goa
|religions= [[Hinduism]]}}

The '''Kudumbi''', also referred to as the '''Kunubis''', the '''Kurumbi''', or '''Kurmi''', or the '''Kunbi''', are traditionally a [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking farming community residing in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Schenk-Sandbergen1988">{{cite book|author=Loes Ch. Schenk-Sandbergen|title=Poverty and survival: Kudumbi female domestic servants and their households in Alleppey, Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE9uAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Manohar Publications|page=37}}</ref><ref name="LietenNieuwenhuys1989">{{cite book|author1=Georges Kristoffel Lieten|author2=Olga Nieuwenhuys|author3=Loes Ch. Schenk-Sandbergen|author4=Werkgemeenschap Zuid-Azië|title=Women, migrants, and tribals: survival strategies in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eXZAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Manohar Publications|page=124}}</ref> The majority of the group are farmers, laborers, and petty workers, settled across central and southern Kerala. Kudumbis are part of the larger [[Kunbi]]–[[Kurmi]] [[diaspora]], a generic farming community spread out over India, with the probable exception of only [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== History ==

=== Goan legacy ===
According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume, the Kunbi caste are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. In his work, Dhume mentions several words of Mundari origin in the Konkani language and also elaborates on the deities worshipped by the ancient tribe, their customs, methods of farming, etc.<ref>Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.(see pages 53, 94, 83, 95)</ref> The [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who ruled over Goa for over 500 years, considered the Kunbi, Velip and Gowada communities as ''Tribu'', which means tribes. The Central Government failed to extend the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950 to the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu immediately after the liberation of Goa in 1961 and that was perceived as an injustice by many.<ref>[http://164.100.24.208/ls/committeeR/Petitions/12th/CHAPTERIII.htm Parliamentary Committee Observation /recommendation regarding inclusion of Gowada, Kunbi, Velip and Dhangar Communities of Goa in the list of Scheduled Tribes]</ref><ref>Parliamentary Committee Observation /recommendation regarding inclusion of Gowada, Kunbi, Velip and Dhangar Communities of Goa in the list of Scheduled Tribes</ref> Kunbis are included in [[Scheduled Tribe|ST]] list in [[Goa]] state in 2002.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} [[G. S. Ghurye]] says that "Kurmi, Kanbi and Kunbi perhaps signify the occupation of the group, viz., that of cultivation, though it is not improbable that the name may of tribal origin."<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Caste and Race in India|last=Ghurye |first=G. S.|date=1969|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171542055|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC|page=31}}</ref>

In 1510, Goa was captured by the Portuguese general Alfonso Albuquerque from the Adil Shah dynasty of Bijapur, and Portuguese rule was established. In 1545 [[St. Francis Xavier]], sent a letter to [[John III of Portugal]], requesting an [[Goa Inquisition|Inquisition]] to be installed in Goa. The inquisitor's first act was to forbid any open practice of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] faith on pain of death. The Portuguese colonial administration enacted anti-Hindu laws to encourage conversions to [[Christianity]]. Prohibition was laid upon Hindu rituals as well. In all, over 42 Hindu practices were prohibited. All the people above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching or otherwise be punished. Several Hindu temples were destroyed as well. An order was issued for suppressing the Konkani language and making it compulsory to speak the Portuguese language. The law provided for dealing toughly with anyone using the local language. Following that law all the non-Christian cultural symbols and the books written in local languages were sought out to be destroyed. In the first hundred years, the Inquisition burned 57 alive at the stake and 64 in effigy. Others were sentenced to various punishments, totalling 4,046. The Kudumbi were forced to migrate from Goa following religious persecution by the Portuguese during the said infamous [[Goa Inquisition]]. The Kudumbis, along with [[Gouda Saraswat Brahmins]] (Malayalam: ഗൌഡ് സാരസ്വത്), [[Daivajna]]s and [[Vaishya Vani]]s who wanted to preserve their religious and cultural identity, migrated from Goa along the west coast of India, primarily through sea voyages.

Some of the groups that fled Goa landed in coastal districts of state of [[Karnataka]], that is, the Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts, and some groups voyaged further to [[Kerala]].<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Tribal Tradition and Change: A Study of Kudubis of South India|author=Rao, Y.R.|date=2003|publisher=Mangala Publications|isbn=9788188685004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5M4AAAACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="anthropologywa">{{cite web|url=http://www.anthropologywa.org/iuaes_aas_asaanz_conference2011/0040.html#s1p2|title=IUAES AAS ASAANZ Conference 2011|publisher=anthropologywa.org|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref>

[[File:kunbi.PNG|thumb|Kunbis of Goa, ladies wearing ''dethli'']]

The ''Census Report of India'', 1961 – Volume VII, Kerala (page 210) refers to the Kudumbi community, and it is recorded that,
: "As to the fact that they were originally inhabitants of the area north Goa, there can be no doubt for the language, the ornament and the mode of dress of the woman show striking similarities with the present inhabitants of that area, proclaiming common origin. They are believed to have traveled by country crafts and landed at the sea port of towns Kerala which accounts for their concentration in places like Cranganore, Cochin, Parur, Kayamkulam, Alleppey, Purakkad and Quilon".<ref>''The Census Report of India'' (1961). Vol. VII, Kerala, p. 210.</ref> A small number of the Kudumbi are also found in cities like [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Delhi]], particularly those members of the group who migrated from Kerala in search of better prospects and livelihood.

=== Early Cochin Princely State ===
A group of Kudumbis may have migrated from Cochin to Travancore at the invitation of a Maharaja, Marthanda Varma and on arrival been given (free of tax) a coconut garden and land to grow rice. In return they were required to supply Avil to the palace and temple free of cost.<ref name="Thampuran R.">Thampuran R. [http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya4.html "Convergence and language shift: a case study of the Kudumbis of Kerala."] Ciil-ebooks website.</ref>

===Current status===
[[K. R. Gowri Amma]], a prominent figure in the communist movement in Kerala and former Minister, in her autobiography narrates the backwardness of Kudumbi Community as:
{{quote|In the socio-political and in educational fields, the Kudumbis are backward. Very few of them are educated and officers are scarce. Kudumbi women do not wear a blouse but wrap the sari, sarong wise about them. In 1936, an association of young Kudumbis was established in Cochin and later in Travancore. In 1951, the two associations merged into one. Yet they have not achieved their rightful place in society. They have demanded that they be counted as scheduled castes. In reality their lot is worse than that of the scheduled castes.[http://samyukta.info/site/book/export/html/136].<ref>'Atmakatha', by K R Gouri Amma</ref>}}

V. K. Valath says that the main agricultural labourers in the islands around Kochi have been from the Pulaya and Kudumbi castes. He adds that, whilst many people of the Pulaya and Mukkuvar castes converted to Christianity during the Portuguese period, the Kudumbis retained their traditional religious beliefs.<ref name="VVK">V. V. K. Valath (1991). ''Keralathile Stala Charitrangal, Eranakulam Jilla''. Second Edition, 2006, published by Kerala Sahitya Academy.</ref>

The community is officially classified as being within the Socially and Economically Backward Communities (SEBC)<ref>[https://www.itschool.gov.in/registration/list/Caste_List.pdf SEBC list of Kerala State Govt]</ref> by the State Government. Many students have utilised the benefits of reservation legislation to improve their lives. A mass struggle and hunger strike were organized by the social organization [[Kudumbi Seva Sanghom]] (KSS) during 2006–2007, demanding a 1% reservation for Kudumbis seeking admission to various professional courses in Kerala. In 2008 the State Government finally acceded to the demand vide GO (MS)No.95/08/SC/ST dated 06.10.2008. Further, the Kudumbi community is totally exempted from the creamy layer.<ref>[http://ugcsct.cusat.ac.in/documents/15.htm GO(MS)No.95/08/SC/ST] dated 6 October 2008</ref> Kudumbi Community is one among eight communities having hereditary occupations/calling, which had been excluded from the category of 'creamy layer' on account of its "Social Backwardness" as per GO (P) No.81/09/SCSTDD dated 26 September 2009.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Caste status ==
The KIRTADS<ref name="kerala">{{cite web|url=http://www.kirtads.kerala.gov.in/|title=KIRTADS|publisher=kirtads.kerala.gov.in|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref> submitted a report stating that the Kudumbis should be included in the Scheduled Caste list.<ref>[http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1280835.ece "Kudumbi."] New Indian Express.</ref>
After his election on 23 March 1987, and when challenged in court, K. Karunakaran, former chief minister of Kerala, supported inclusion of Kudumbis in the list.<ref>[http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=9615 "Scheduled Caste view."] Rishabhdara website.</ref> [[United Democratic Front (India)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF)had assured to use maximum pressure on the center for including the Kudumbies in the SC list.<ref>Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India. A Case Study of Kerala by M R Biju</ref><ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India: A Case Study of Kerala|author=Biju, R.|date=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|isbn=9788171567058|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBPhlynHQ4EC|page=15|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref> However the legitimate claim of the Kudumbi Community stands in the ST list and not in SC List.
On 10 March 2008, [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar|Veerendra Kumar]], member of parliament (MP) of the 14th [[Lok Sabha]], writer and chairman and managing director of [[Mathrubhumi]] press, made mention before the parliament under rule 377 concerning the classification of the Kudumbis. He pointed to the community's poverty, low level of literacy, and lack of ability to take any important government position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1449461|title=Need To Include ''Kudumbi'' Tribe Of Kerala In The List Of Scheduled ... on 10 March, 2008|work=indiankanoon.org|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref> On 4 May 2012, [[K. P. Dhanapalan]] MP, also made a special mention to the parliament about the classification of the Kudumbis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/114228028/|title=Need To Include The Kudumbi Community Of Kerala In The List Of ... on 4 May, 2012|work=indiankanoon.org|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref> In December 2011 in [[New Delhi]], and on 30 May 2012 in [[Kochi]] a public protest was organised by supporters of the rights of the Kudumbi, including the [[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]] (Association for Defence of Democracy, J.S.S.) to demand inclusion of the community in the list of Scheduled Castes.

In her autobiography, [[political activist]], [[K. R. Gowri Amma]] wrote,
:"In the socio-political and in educational fields, the Kudumbis are backward... They have demanded that they be counted as scheduled castes. In reality their lot is worse than that of the scheduled castes."<ref>Nair J. R. and Nair H. {{cite web |url=http://samyukta.info/site/book/export/html/136 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223213035/http://samyukta.info/site/book/export/html/136 |archivedate=23 February 2014}} Samyukta website.</ref>

Kudubis of Karnataka (who were migrated from Goa and settled in the coastal districts of Kartaka) are non – scheduled tribes . They are also suffering from problems including non – recognition as a tribe in Karnataka (Caste Practices and influences Affecting Tribals – A Case study of Kudubis of Karnataka by Dr. Y Ravindranath Rao)<ref>Eradication of Caste and birth of new Humanity, edited by D M Ravi Prasad</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Eradication of Caste and Birth of New Humanity|author=Prasad, D.M.R.|date=2004|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176295130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxw57oVgShIC|page=46|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref> Kudubis of Karnataka has also urged state government to include them in the Scheduled Tribe list.<ref>Hindu Newspaper Report</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kudubi-samajodh-sangha-seeks-st-status/article2519959.ece|title=Kudubi Samajodh Sangha seeks ST status|work=The Hindu|date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

==Cultural diffusion and language convergence==
For decades the Kudumbi led a socially secluded life. During the late 19th century in Kerala, when a socio-cultural revival took place in many backward communities, the Kudumbi opened themselves up to mainstream socio-cultural and economic developments. Unfortunately, newer socio-economic and cultural changes in the community spurred a slow reverse cultural diffusion.<ref name="Thampuran R."/>

==Kudumbi temples==
According to Kerala tradition, the ceremony of ''Talapoli'', as a procession of ladies carrying oil lamps accompanied by ''[[chenda]]'' (percussion instruments) or ''tappu melam'', can be seen during the festivals in these ''devi'' temples. The traditional ''haampu'' (multi-stacked portable brass lamp or a similar stone lamp) found in a number of Kudumbi temples is lit on special ''puja'' days. Votive items made from Aval (puffed rice) or [[beaten rice]] and ''jaggery'' are still offered as ''[[prasadam]]'' in many Kudumbi temples. ''Holi'', the festival of colors, is celebrated in many Devi temples by the Kudumbi. During this festival, "Kamadeva" (Bodhan) the symbolic entity of "Kama" will be burnt to fire, purifying the life of all who participate in the festival. There will be a procession on the streets where all the participants will be applying colour each other, dancing with songs sung in Kudumbi language. Youngsters and children go in a group, pour yellow water from the pot kept in front of every house, and finally gather at their local ''devili'' temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/07/stories/2004030702870500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413042313/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/07/stories/2004030702870500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Holi, Kerala style|date=2004-03-07|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref> In the night there will be a special group dance by women (''fuguda'') by gathering in a circle and clapping and doing brisk movements. After this there will be delicious dinner and food will be offered to souls. Even Kudumbis of Karnataka, who had migrated from Goa along with their brethren in Kerala and other places continue to celebrate their traditional festival 'holi' by preserving their own unique culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=57638|title=Udupi Kudubis Preserve Traditional Flavour of Holi with Unique Customs|work=daijiworld.com|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/mangalore/34836335_1_kudubis-konkani-poisonous-snake-bites.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615121750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/mangalore/34836335_1_kudubis-konkani-poisonous-snake-bites.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref>

== Social organizations ==
[[Kudumbi Seva Sanghom]] (KSS), Kerala Kudumbi Federation, Kudumbi Seva Samiti, Kudumbi Samajam, Kudumbi Karayogams, and Kudumbi Mahajana Sabha-Vypeen are the social organizations representing the community in Kerala. KSS is the predominant organization representing the majority of Kudumbis in Kerala, and it supports the social, educational and cultural uplifting of the community.

==Educational institutions==
* S.N.G.S.U.P. School, Kakkathuruthy, Thrissur – owned and managed by the Kudumbi Education Trust (KET), under KSS
* Mahathma College and Saraswathy Vidhya Mandir, North Paravoor – owned and managed by the Kudumbi Education Society (KES), North Paravor

==See also==
* [[Gauda and Kunbi]]
* [[Devendrakula Velalar]]
* [[Kudumbar]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* ''The Kurmis-Kunbis of India'' by Pratap Singh Velip Kankar. Published by Pritam Publishers PajiFord, Margoa, Goa Year −2006.
* 1956 An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (Popular Book Depot, Bombay) – [[D.D. Kosambi]].
* Kudumbikalude Charithravum-Samskaravum - written by Dr. Vini M. Published by Sahithya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society, Kottayam, Kerala

{{commons category|Kudumbi people}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}}

[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Kudumbi - Revision history

2409:4063:4C9C:47A3:7B04:DAD0:7F47:F2E3 at 16:40, 3 June 2021