->Uanfala at 13:41, 7 August 2021

2021-08-07T13:41:03Z

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{{Distinguish|Kulu language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kullui
| nativename = {{lang|kfx|𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃}}, कुळूई, kuḷūī
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| speakers = 196,295
| date = 2011
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| speakers2 =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| script = [[Takri]], [[Devanagari]]
| iso3 = kfx
| glotto = kull1236
| glottorefname = Kullu Pahari
| notice = IPA
| image = takrikullui.png
| imagecaption = Kuḷūī written in Takri Script
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}'''Kului''' ({{transl|kfx|Kullū}}, also known as '''Kulvi''', [[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|kfx|𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃/𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚦𑚯}}) is a [[Western Pahari]] language spoken in [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{wtc|Kullu Pahari language}}

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
! [[Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p pʰ}}
| {{IPA|b bʱ}}
| {{IPA|t̪ t̪ʰ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ d̪ʱ}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ʈ ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA|ɖ ɖʱ}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|k kʰ}}
| {{IPA|ɡ ɡʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|- align="center"
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ts tsʰ}}
| {{IPA|dz dzʱ}}
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|c͡ç c͡çʰ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ͡ʝ ɟ͡ʝʱ}}
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|- align="center"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|s}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | ɕ
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|ħ}}
| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|- align="center"
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n̪}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|- align="center"
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|r}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɽ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-align="center"
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-align="center"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | j
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|}

For the [[Stop consonant|stops]] and [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] there is a four-way distinction in [[phonation]] between [[Tenuis consonant|tenuis]] {{IPA|/p/}}, [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] {{IPA|/b/}}, [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] {{IPA|/pʰ/}} and [[breathy voice]]d {{IPA|/bʱ/}} series. {{Harvtxt|Thakur|1975|pp=175–8}} lists as separate [[phoneme]]s aspirated correlates of {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/ɭ/}}, but describes the aspiration as a voiceless [[Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] friction. {{IPA|/n̪/}} is dental, but becomes alveolar if the next syllable contains a [[retroflex consonant]]. {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA|/ɲ/}} are rare, but contrast with the other nasals word-medially between vowels. {{IPA|/ɳ/}}, {{IPA|/ɭ/}} and {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, together with their aspirated correlates, don't occur in the beginning of words.{{sfn|Thakur|1975|p=180|ps = . An exception is the word {{IPA|[ɽəbɑːɳɑː]}} "to throw".}} The [[glottal stop]] occurs only between a vowel and {{IPA|/ɳ/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/l/}}, e.g. {{IPA|[kɑːʔɭ]}} "a trumpet", which contrasts with {{IPA|[kɑːɭ]}} "famine". The [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|pharyngeal fricative]] {{IPA|/ħ/}} historically derives from {{IPA|/s/}} and occurs word-finally, e.g. {{IPA|[ɡʱɑːħ]}} "grass", {{IPA|[biːħ]}} "twenty".{{sfn|Thakur|1975|p=181}}

== Script ==
The native script of the language is a variety of [[Takri script|Takri]] script.
[[File:Kullui.png|thumb|Specimen in Kulluvi language|alt=|left]]

== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kulluvi children are not learning Kulluvi as their mother tongue any longer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Language Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf}}</ref> even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Citation
|last= Thakur | first= Mauluram
|title= Pahāṛī bhāṣā
|year = 1975
|publisher= Sanmarg Prakashan
|place= Delhi
}}

== External links ==
* [http://pahari-languages.ru/?lang=en Pahari-languages.ru], a Kullui documentation project

{{Western Pahari languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]

Kullui - Revision history

->Uanfala at 13:41, 7 August 2021