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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kumaoni
| nativename = {{lang|kfy|कुमाऊँनी}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-all|kuːmɑːʊni}}
| region = [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] (India)<br>[[Doti]]<ref name=HistoryofNepal>{{cite web|url=http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-02404|title=History of Nepal|access-date=2008-01-31|publisher=T.R.Vaidya Publications|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209191916/http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-02404|archive-date=2005-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last = Eichentopf| first = Stephanie R.| year = 2014| title = A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali| publisher = Tribhuvan University and SIL International| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/59642| page = 14}}</ref> (Nepal)
| states = [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]]
| speakers = 2.2 million
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue21">{{e21}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northern Zone|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Central Pahari languages|Central Pahari]]
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| iso3 = kfy
| glotto = kuma1273
| glottorefname = Kumaoni
| notice = Indic
| image = Kumaoni written in kumaoni language2019.png
| imagecaption = 'Kumauni' written in [[Devanagari]] script.
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Kumaoni''' ({{lang|all|कुमाऊँनी}};
{{IPA-all|kuːmɑːʊni|pron}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by over 2 million people of the [[Kumaon region]] of the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in northern India. As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speaker in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html |title=indianmothertongues1961}}</ref> The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011.

Kumaoni is not [[endangered language|endangered]] but UNESCO's ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'' designates it as a language in the ''unsafe'' category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1565.html |title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref> Almost all people who can speak and understand Kumaoni can also speak and understand [[Hindi]]{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}, one of the [[Official languages of India#Official languages of the Union|official languages]] of India.{{wtc|Kumaoni language}}

==Script==
Kumaoni uses Devanagari script. <ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson|date= |title=Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4 |url= |location= |publisher= |pages=190|isbn=}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution and dialects==
There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital.

More specifically:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-05|title=Uttaranchal Dialects and Languages - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaoni and Garhwali - Kumaon and Garhwal Dialects -|url=http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php|access-date=2021-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211927/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
* Johari of the [[Johar Valley|Malla and Talla Johar]] ([[Milam, India|Milam]], [[Munsiyari]])
* Askoti of [[Askot]]
* Bhabhri of [[Haldwani]] and [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php |title=Uttaranchal Dialects and Languages - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaoni and Garhwali - Kumaon and Garhwal Dialects |publisher=Uttaranchal.org.uk |access-date=2012-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211927/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Chaugarkhiyali of [[Garkha|Chaugarkha]]
* Danpuriya of Danpur ([[Bageshwar]], [[Kapkot]])
* Gangoli of Ganai-Gangoli ([[Kanda, Uttarakhand|Kanda]], [[Berinag]], [[Gangolihat]])
* Khasparjiya of [[Almora]]
* Kumaiyya of [[Champawat]]
* Pachhai of Pali-Pachhhau ([[Ranikhet]], [[Dwarahat]])
* Pashchimi
* Phaldakotiya of Phaldkot
* Rhau-Chaubyansi, ([[Nainital]])
* Sirali of Sirakot ([[Didihat]])
* Soriyali of Sor Valley ([[Pithoragarh]])

Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal.<ref>{{cite report|last = Eichentopf| first = Stephanie R.| year = 2014| title = A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali| publisher = Tribhuvan University and SIL International| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/59642| page = 14}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom.svg|alt=|thumb|Flag of [[Kumaon Kingdom]]]]
[[File:Kumaoni language on copper inscription of 989CE. written using Devanagari script.jpg|thumb|Kumaoni written on an old copper inscription from 989CE. using [[Devanagari]] script.|alt=|220x220px]]
Various Kumaoni text founded from the katyuri and chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śarmā|first=Devīdatta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAIuAAAAMAAJ&q=kumauni+language+history|title=Linguistic History of Uttarākhaṇḍa|date=1983|publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Miśra|first=Nityānanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdxHAAAAMAAJ&q=kumauni+language+history|title=Source Materials of Kumauni History|date=1994|publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot|isbn=978-81-85865-24-9|language=en}}</ref> Kumaoni was official language of Kumaon Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Grammar==
Being part of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[dialect continuum]] Kumauni shares its grammar with other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].
It shares much of its grammar with the other language of the Central Pahari group like [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]].
The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the [[Khasas]], the first inhabitants of the region.
In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ''ach'', as in both Rajasthani and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present ''rcchami'', I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *''rcchitas'', gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of [[epenthesis]], or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of [[Aspirated consonant|disaspiration]]. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni ''sikhno'', but Hindi ''sikhna'', to learn; Kumauni ''yeso'', plural ''yasa'', of this kind.

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+'''Language Comparison'''
|-
! style="background:#000000;" |  
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Khas-kura
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kumauni
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kashmiri
|-
| style="background:#000000;" |  
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
|-
| I am
| chu
| chu
| chic
| chu
| thus
| ches
|-men zes
| You are
| chas
| ches
| chai
| chi
| chukh
| chekh
|-tu zin
| He is
| cha
| che
| ch
| chi
| chuh
| cheh
|}

===Verb conjugation===
[[Grammatical conjugation|Conjugation]] of the verb ''Lekh'' (लेख) to write, in all three [[Grammatical tense|tense]]s in Kumaoni.

====Present tense====
{| class="wikitable"
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|मैं लेखनू|main lekhnu|I write}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|हम लेखनु|hum lekhnu|we write}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|तू लेख छे |tu lekh chhe|you write}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|तुम लेख छो |tum lekh chho|you write}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|उ लिखनो|U likhno|he writes}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|ऊँ लेखन छन|un lekhan chhan|they write}}
|}

====Past tense====
{| class="wikitable"
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|मेल लिखौ|maile lekho|I wrote}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|हमुल लेखौ|humul lekho|we wrote}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|त्वील लिखौ |tveel lekho|you wrote}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|तुमुल लेखौ |tumule lekho|you wrote}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|वील लिखौ|veel lekho|he wrote}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|उनुले लेखौ|unule lekho|they wrote}}
|}

====Future tense====
{| class="wikitable"
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|मैं लिखूंलो|main lekhulo |I will write}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|हम लेखुंला|hum lekhula |we will write}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|तू लेखले |tum lekhle|you will write}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|तुम लेखला |tum lekhla|you will write}}
|-
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|उ लेखल|u lekhal |he will write}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=kfy|ऊँ लेखल|un lekhal |they will write}}
|}

==Example short phrases==

{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="60"|Words/phrases || width="150"|Transliteration || width="340"|Meaning
|-align="center"
| जै देव || Jai Dev || Hello ''(lit. praise the lord)'' ''Formal''.
|-align="center"
| पैलाग || Pailaag || Hi/Hello (lit. touch your feet as a sign of respect used by younger members to greet older members)
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
| कस हेरे छे? || Kas hare chhe? || How are you? ''Informal''
|-align="center"
| कस हेरो छा? || Kas haro cha || How are you? ''Formal''
|-align="center"
| भल हेरो || Bhal hero|| I am fine
|-align="center"
|काँ जाण छा? || kaa jaan chha? || Where are you going
|-align="center"
| होए || Hoye. || Yes.
|-align="center"
| ना || Nā. || No.
|-align="center"
| कतु? || Katu? || How much?/How many?
|-align="center"
| काँ? || Kaa? || Where?
|-align="center"
| कसिक? || Kasik? || How?
|-align="center"
| कैक? || Kaik? || Whose?
|-align="center"
| को? || Ko? || Who?
|-align="center"
| किला || Kila? || Why?
|-align="center"
| के? || Ke? || What?
|-align="center"
| के हेगो? || Ke hego. || What happened?
|-align="center"
| तुमऱ नौ के छ? || Tumar nau ke che? || What is your name?
|-align="center"
| बेरे घर (ध्याव ) अजया || Baere ghyav ajayaa || Come home early
|-align="center"
| आपूं कां बटे आछा?|| Aapoun kan bate aachcha? || From where do you come?
|-align="center"
|को जाल बजार? || Ko jal Baazar || Who will go to market?
|-align="center"
|ओ बबो || O babo|| Oh my god!
|}

==Official Status==
There have been demands to include Kumaoni along with Garhwali in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India so that it could be made one of the Scheduled Language of India.
In 2010, a private member's bill was introduced for discussion in the Lok Sabha whose aim was to include Garhwali and Kumaoni in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5410372|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327075717/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5410372|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-27|title=Members want inclusion of Kumaoni, Garhwali in 8th schedule|date=2012-03-27|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Postcards-demand-official-language-status-for-Kumaoni-Garhwali/articleshow/51096272.cms|title=Postcards demand official language status for Kumaoni, Garhwali |date=22 February 2016|first=Shivani|last= Saxena |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

However In a step to promote and protect indigenous languages in December 2019 Government of the state introduced Official Kumaoni Books for Classes 1-5 students of kumaon division Schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-releases-kumaoni-books-for-school-students/articleshow/73011148.cms|title=CM releases Kumaoni books for school students |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>

==Kumaoni literature==
Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are
* Lokratna Pant or Gumani Pant (1790–1846)
* Gauri Dutt Pant "Gaurda" (1872-1939)
* Charu Chandra Pandey (1923–2017)
* [[Shailesh Matiyani]] (1931–2001)
* [[Mohan Upreti]] (1925–1997)
* Brijen Lal Shah (1928-1998)

== Media and art==
===Films===
* ''Megha Aa'', (First Kumaoni Film).<ref>[http://www.readers-cafe.net/shabdkosh/cinema.php Kumaoni Cinema] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211133236/http://www.readers-cafe.net/shabdkosh/cinema.php |date=11 February 2008 }} Pahari Shabdkosh.</ref> Director Kaka Sharma, Produced S S Bisht, 1987<ref name="Aishwarya dhyani">{{cite web |title=First Kumaoni Film Of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNuOZlbJvwg |website=Youtube |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>
* ''Teri Saun'', (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali),<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45913051.cms The Times of India] Teri Saun, 10 May 2003.</ref> written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi,<ref>[http://nandadevi.prayaga.org/?page_id=52 Film set in 1994 Uttarakhand Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103013155/http://nandadevi.prayaga.org/?page_id=52 |date=3 November 2007 }} Nandadevi Campaign.</ref> 2003.
* ''Aapun Biraan'' (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (''Tribhuvan Giri''). Produced by ''Bhaskar Singh Rawat''. 2007.
* ''Madhuli'' by Anamika Film, 2008.<ref>[http://www.uttarakhandandbeyond.com/index.php/Video/kumaoni-film-Madhuli.html Maduhli]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kumaoni Films at uttarakhandandbeyond.</ref>
* ''Aapke Liye'', a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek".

===Theatre===
Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays,<ref>[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-traditions/theatre.html Indian Traditions] Theatre at iloveindia.</ref> later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like [[Mohan Upreti]], Naima Khan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater. Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै.<ref>{{Cite web|title=कुमाउनी नाटक (जैल थै, वील पै) |date=2015-10-07|url=https://navinjoshi1.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/jail-thai-weel-pai.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007071047/https://navinjoshi1.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/jail-thai-weel-pai.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-10-07|access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref>

=== Folk music ===
Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial {{transl|kfy|panwaras}} and melancholy {{transl|kfy|khuded}}, {{transl|kfy|thadya}}, and {{transl|kfy|jhoda}}.

Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include the{{transl|kfy|dhol}}, {{transl|kfy|damoun}}, {{transl|kfy|turri}}, {{transl|kfy|ransingha}}, {{transl|kfy|dholki}}, {{transl|kfy|daur}}, {{transl|kfy|thali}}, {{transl|kfy|bhankora}}, and{{transl|kfy|masakbhaja}}. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.

Some prominent singers are:
*[[Mohan Upreti]], the most famous personality associated with Kumaoni folk music, who is known for his Nanda Devi Jagar & Rajula Malu Shahi Ballad. He is famous for the great Kumaoni song [[Bedu Pako Baro Masa]] which for many years the identity of the hills of Uttarakahand. It is said this song was also a favourite of [[Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru]] who heard it in a band march as this song is also a popular marching song.
* Naima Khan Upreti - She was the wife of Mohan Upreti and was a prominent folk singer. Mohan Upreti and Naima Upreti used to sing folk songs as a duet and they also made the first HMV recording of songs like Bedu Pako and O Lali, O Lali Haushiya. Naima Upreti had collected a large number of songs of the Kumaon and Garhwal region and she rendered them on several occasions.
*Gopal Babu Goswami - who is considered to be a legend in Kumaon for his melodious voice. His songs on the life of the members of the armed forces and their families like Kaile baje muruli, Ghughuti na basa (Hirda cassettes) and many others are legendary, it is said that when these songs were transmitted on All India Radio women could not help but weep when they heard the soul touching voice of Gopal Da as he was lovingly called.
*Heera Singh Rana - identified as a contemporary poet and singer who touched upon various shades of hill life, particularly the plight of women. Besides beauty, love, and romance, his poetry illustrates pains and sufferings and are sharp in satire on the political class.

In the early 1990s songs on the turning life style mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which {{transl|kfy|meri kumau ki gaadi}}, {{transl|kfy|hit meri punjaban billo uttarakhand pahara, bwaari tamaaku pija}} etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots.

However, in an attempt to revive the love for these songs, especially among the youth, unplugged or reprise covers of folk songs like, "Haaye Teri Rumaala", "Chhaana Bilauri", "Hit Dagadi Kamla", "Gughuti na Baasa" by several young artists like Suraj Verma, Gaurav Pandey, Priyanka Meher, etc. have been produced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Kumaoni Songs with lyrics |url=https://www.lyricsnary.com/ |website=lyricsnary |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

===Radio===
* In 1962, a new programme was introduced from Akashwani Lucknow- "Utterayana". this programme was specially for the Chinese border area. Jay dev sharma "kamal" Banshidhar Pathak Jigyasu and Jeet Singh Jardhari started this programme. Najeebabad Akashwani kendra relayed this programme .
*With the aim to create a common platform for local communities of Supi in [[Uttarakhand]], [[The Energy and Resources Institute|TERI]] launched 'Kumaon vani', a community radio service on 11 March 2010. [[Uttarakhand]] Governor [[Margaret Alva]] inaugurated the community radio station, the first in the state. The 'Kumaon Vani' aims to air programmes on environment, agriculture, culture, weather and education in the local language and with the active participation of the communities. The radio station covers a radius of 10 km reaching out to almost 2000 locals around [[Mukhteshwar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/13/terilaunches-kumaon-vani-community-radio-service.html |title=Teri launches Kumaon Vani community radio service |publisher=One India |access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref>
* In order to create a folk genome tank of Uttarakhand where one can find each genre and occasions in the form of folk music, and to bring the melodious folk from the heart of Himalaya on global screen, the very first internet radio of Kumaon/Garhwal/Jaunsar was launched in year 2008 by a group of non-resident Uttarakhandi from New York, which has been gaining significant popularity among inhabitants and migrants since its beta version was launched in year 2010. This was named after a very famous melody of hills of Himalaya, Bedupako Baramasa O Narain Kafal Pako Chaita [[Bedupako]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedupako.com/eradio.php |title=First e Radio of Uttarakhand |author= Dr. Shailesh Upreti |date= 23 February 2011|work= official |publisher= bedupako |access-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
*[[Kumauni People]]
*[[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}
*''Dr. Shashi Pandey, Ramesh Ch Pandey, Rama Pandey:'' Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Published 2014, Kumaoni and Garhwali Editions)
* ''Devidatta Sarma''; Linguistic geography of Kumaun Himalayas: A descriptive areal distribution of Kumauni language (Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages). Mittal Publications; 1994. {{ISBN|81-7099-529-9}}.
* ''Devidatta Sarma''; The formation of Kumauni language (SILL : series in Indian languages and linguistics). Bahri Publications; 1985. {{ISBN|81-7034-005-5}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Kumaoni Proverbs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901173809/http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/kumaon/kumaoni.php Kumaoni Language and Literature]
* [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1565.html UNESCO]
* [https://uttarakhandilokoktiyan.org/ Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Kumaoni Sanskaran)]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Kumaon}}
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}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Kumaon division]]

Kumaoni language - Revision history

imported>Apparition11 at 11:18, 20 August 2021