https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Kumbharia_Jain_templesKumbharia Jain temples - Revision history2026-07-31T15:16:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Kumbharia_Jain_temples&diff=511110&oldid=prevVarundigitalmedia at 18:19, 30 December 20252025-12-30T18:19:56Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Śvetāmbara Jain temple in Gujarat}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]<br />
| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]<br />
| image = File:Kumbhariya Jain Derasar complex, Ambaji Gujarat 240.jpg<br />
| alt = Neminatha temple, Kumbharia<br />
| caption = Neminatha temple<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_size = 200<br />
| map_caption = Location within Gujarat<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|19|27|N|72|51|46|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]], [[Gujarat]]<br />
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]<br />
| deity = [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanath]], [[Shantinatha]], [[Neminatha]] & [[Sambhavanatha]]<br />
| established = 1062–1231 CE<br />
| completed = <br />
| creator = [[Bhima I]], [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], and [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]]<br />
| temple_quantity = 5<br />
| architecture_style = [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kumbharia Jain temples''' is a group of five [[Jainism|Jain]] temples in the [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district]] in [[Gujarat]], India. Constructed from 1062 to 1231 CE during the reign of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], they are noted for their elaborate architecture.<br />
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== History ==<br />
Kumbharia was one of the most important Jain centres during the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya period]].{{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=235}} It is said that 360 temples existed in the region during the 4th century,{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=89}} but most were destroyed by volcanic activity and only five remain .{{Sfn|Burgess|1885|p=141}}{{sfn|Campbell|1880|p=438}} These five Jain temples were constructed from 1062 to 1231 CE:{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=560}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2012}}<br />
*Mahavira temple was built in 1062. This is the earliest Jain temple.<br />
*Shantinath temple was built in 1082.<br />
*Parshvanath temple was built in 1094 by the Chalukyan king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]].<br />
*Neminath temple was built a little later in 1136 during the reign of Jayasimha Siddharaja.<br />
*Sambhavanatha temple was built in 1231.<br />
It is however unlikely that volcanism has directly destroyed any temples as there has not been any evidence of active [[List of volcanoes in India|volcanoes in India]] for over 500 thousand years (except on the Andaman Islands). [[List of earthquakes in India|Earthquake activity in India]] is however significant and may account for the destruction of such temples.<br />
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== Architecture ==<br />
The Kumbharia Jain temples are famous for their elaborate architecture.{{Sfn|Neubauer|1981|p=15}}{{sfn|Ahuja|2008|p=21}} Along with the [[Dilwara temples]], [[Girnar Jain temples]], and [[Taranga Jain temple]], they are considered excellent examples of Chaulukyan architecture.{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=67}}{{sfn|Michell|2003|pp=107-108}} The Mahavira, Shantinatha, and Parshvanatha temples in the Kumbharia Jain temple complex are some of the most renowned Jain temples in India. These five marble temples vary in size, image carvings, and architectural detail, with each having its own characteristics.{{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=235}} Every temple is surrounded by a protective walled courtyard with elaborate porched gateways.{{Sfn|Ward|1998|p=171}}{{sfn|Hardy|2002|p=81}}{{refn|group=note|Courtyard temple plan are specific to Jain temple architecture.{{sfn|Hardy|2002|p=81}} }}<br />
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=== Mahavira temple ===<br />
{{Multi image<br />
| image1 = Kumbhariya Jain temple.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Interior of the Mahavira Temple<br />
| image2 = Kumbhariya Jain temple - Ceiling (2).jpg<br />
| caption2 = Rosette ceiling in Mahavira temple<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Mahavira temple, also known as ''Arasana samghacaitya'', is the temple of the Jain congregation at Arasana{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=160}} (''Aras'' in Gujarati means marble).{{Sfn|Sonar|1985b}}{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=68}} This temple's marble ceiling depicts scenes from [[Bahubali]]'s life. The upper panel has a depiction of a war between [[Bahubali]] and [[Bharata chakravartin]], showing both armies' horses, elephants, and soldiers. The lower panel depicts a duel between two brothers. The centre panel has an image of Bahubali in meditation being approached by Bharata and his wife.{{Sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=34}} Another ceiling features carvings of the past and future [[tirthankara]] with their parents.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=103}}{{sfn|Bruhn|1960|p=206}} There are depictions of the life events of Mahavira carved on the ceiling of the temple.{{sfn|Shah|1970|p=310}} The panels inside the temple also feature images of god, goddess, animals, trees etc carved in marble.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=161}} One panel feature image of a Jain Goddess with a goat's head with a child depicting {{lang|sa|[[Panch Kalyanaka|Garbh kalyāṇaka]]}} of Mahavira.{{sfn|Staszczyk|2020|p=45}} The ceiling of the temple's porch houses a depiction of multi-tier [[Samavasarana]].{{Sfn|Hegewald|2010|p=8}}<br />
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=== Shantinatha temple ===<br />
Shantinatha temple is similar to Mahavira temple.{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}} According to inscriptions, Shantinatha temple was originally dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha]].{{sfn|Sonar|1985a|p=2}} The temple houses an important icon depicting [[Ashtapad]] and dating to 1210 CE. The Ashtapad idol is a diamond-shaped altar that depicts the mountain with images of 24 Tirthankars facing all four [[cardinal direction]]s on two levels. The top of the icon depicts the Samavasarana of Rishabhanatha with a {{lang|sa|chaumukha}} image of Rishabhanatha.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=131}}<br />
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=== Parshvanatha temple ===<br />
The ceiling of Parshvanatha temple bears an image of [[Parshvanatha]] with a hood of snakes similar to those of [[Dilwara Temples|Vimal Vasahi]].{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=158}} The temple's stone idol of [[Ajitnatha]] stands on a pedestal bearing an elephant symbol. The temple features nine highly decked ''{{lang|sa|dev-kulikas}}''. The [[torana]]-[[stambha]] features carvings of ''vidyadevi'', ''aparaicakra'', ''Purusudatta'', ''[[Mahakali]]'', ''Vajrasnrnkhala'', ''Vajarankusa'', and [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]].{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}}{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=131}} The temple contains images of Sarvanha and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] as ''shasan-devata'' with the hood of a snake overhead.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=179}}<br />
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=== Neminatha temple ===<br />
The pillars of the Neminatha temple are ornately carved in a manner similar to those of Vimal Vasahi and feature a [[Nagara style]] [[Shikhara]].{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2012}} This temple contains an image of the Hindu god [[Ganesha]] that is similar to that of [[Luna Vasahi]] and the [[Ranakpur Jain temple]].{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=18}} The temple includes miniature carvings of ''vidya-devi'' like ''aparaicakra'', ''Vajrasnrnkhala'', ''Sarvastra-Mahajvala'', ''Rohini'', and ''Vairotya'', which were popular iconographies in western India during the 11th and 12th centuries.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=179}} According to an inscription, the [[munisuvrata]]-bimba was installed in 1281 CE ([[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1338).{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=163}}<br />
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=== Sambhavanatha temple ===<br />
The Sambhavanatha temple is a small temple and a typical example of rich [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Chaulukyan]] architecture.{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}} According to an inscription in the Mahavira temple, the idol was gifted by "Pahini" in 1085 CE and the temple was originally dedicated to [[Shantinatha]].{{sfn|Sonar|1985a|p=2}} The original idol of the temple was later mutilated and replaced with a new idol.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=134}} The temple has a representation of the Hindu goddess [[Saraswati]] on its ceiling.{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=18}}<br />
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== Conservation ==<br />
The temples, which have undergone repairs, renovations, and modifications,{{sfn|Sonar|1985a|p=4}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2015|p=120}} are managed by the [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]].{{Sfn|Yagnik|2013}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]<br />
* [[Taranga Jain temple]]<br />
* [[Ambaji]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist|23em}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
==== Books ====<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Burgess|first=James|author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist)|url={{Google books|xScXAAAAYAAJ|page=141|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press | volume=11 | issue=11 | series=Archaeological Survey of Western India }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Campbell | first=James M | author-link=James Macnabb Campbell | url={{Google books|Lr4IAAAAQAAJ|page=438|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha|date=1880|publisher=Government Central Press | volume=5 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. | author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|MDBpq23-0QoC|page=131|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |title=India Guide Gujarat |url={{Google books|gZRLGZNZEoEC|page=235|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=India Guide Publications |date=2007 |isbn=9780978951702 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |author-link1=Jyotindra Jain |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard |author-link2=Eberhard Fischer (art historian) |title=Jaina Iconography | series=Iconography of religions: Indian religions |url={{Google books|gFZ7vQ2jwlEC|page=34|plainurl=yes}} |date=1978 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | location=[[Netherlands]] | edition=1st |volume=12 |isbn=978-90-04-05259-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Kumar | first=Sehdev | url={{Google books|nSDACkmA_ukC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography | publisher=Abhinav Publications | date=2001 | isbn=9788170173489 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Mehta | first=Jodh Sinha | url={{Google books|Q6FpVLjVzU8C|page=89|plainurl=yes}} |title=Abu to Udapiur|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | date=1970 | isbn=978-0718921439 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Neubauer|first=Jutta Jain|url={{Google books|61fSwBF4bbYC|pg=PR15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1981|isbn=9780391022843}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|plainurl=yes}} | volume=1 |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Tandon|first=O. P.|url={{Google books|2fomDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT560|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Jaina Shrines in India|date=1986|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-81-230-2454-7|language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn|first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=160|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|url={{Google books|P7EHTBl_pyQC|page=171|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide | volume=22 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |date=1998|isbn=9788125013839 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==== Web ====<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Bruhn | first=Klaus | title=Distinction in Indian Iconography | journal=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] | volume=20 | issue=1/4 | year=1960 | pages=164–248 | jstor=42929743 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929743 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Hardy | first=Adam | author-link=Adam Hardy (architectural historian) | title=Śekharī Temples | journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] | volume=62 | issue=1 | year=2002 | pages=81–137 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250282 | jstor=3250282 | doi=10.2307/3250282 | access-date=25 January 2023 | url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs/file58529.pdf | title=Visual and conceptual links between jaina cosmological, mythological and ritual instruments | journal=[[SOAS University of London]] | year=2010 | issue=1 | access-date=29 August 2020 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920193406/https://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs/file58529.pdf | url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.005/--international-jaina-style-maru-gurjara-temples-under?rgn=main;view=fulltext | title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora | doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 | journal=Ars Orientalis | volume=25 | year=2012 | issue=20220203 | doi-access=free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26350210 | title="The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora." | journal=Ars Orientalis | volume=45 | year=2015 | issue=20220203 | pages=114–40 | doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 | jstor=26350210 | access-date=25 January 2023 | doi-access=free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Michell | first=George | title=Review of The Temples in Kumbhāriyā, by M. A. Dhaky & U. S. Moorti | year=2003 | journal=[[SOAS University of London]] | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=107–108 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4145718 | jstor=4145718 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Shah | first=U. P. | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=A Parshvanatha Sculpture in Cleveland | journal=Bulletin of the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] | volume=57 | issue=9 | year=1970 | pages=303–11 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152350 | jstor=25152350 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Staszczyk | first=Agnieszka | title=Goat-headed Deities in Ancient Indian Sculpture | journal=[[Jagiellonian University]] | volume=9 | year=2020 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152350 | doi=10.11588/ao.2020.1.16114 | jstor=25152350 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}<br />
* {{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/The-silent-force-behind-Shwetamber-Jains/articleshow/26169854.cms | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=The silent force behind Shwetamber Jains | last=Yagnik | first=Bharat | date=22 November 2013}}<br />
* {{Cite web | last=Ahuja | first=Ravi | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/annualreview/file45211.pdf | title=South Asia newsletter | publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] | date=April 2008 | access-date=29 August 2020 | archive-date=30 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130072414/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/annualreview/file45211.pdf | url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{Cite web | last=Sonar |first=Jagdish Chandra | url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/161713/14/09_chapter%203.pdf | title=The temples - Tradition | publisher=[[shodhganga]] | date=1985 | ref={{SfnRef|Sonar|1985a}} }}<br />
* {{Cite web | url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/79 | title=Kumbhariya | publisher=[[Gujarat Tourism]] | ref={{SfnRef|Gujarat Tourism|Kumbhariya}} | access-date=20 August 2020 | archive-date=13 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813175518/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/79 | url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{Cite web | url=https://banaskantha.nic.in/tourist-place/kumbhariya-jain-temple-ambaji/ | title=Kumbhariya Jain Temple, Ambaji | publisher=[[Gujarat Government]] | ref={{SfnRef|Gujarat Government|Kumbhariya}} }}<br />
* {{Cite web | last=Sonar |first=Jagdish Chandra | url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/161713/10/07_chapter%201.pdf | title=Kumbhariya | publisher=[[shodhganga]] | year=1985 | ref={{SfnRef|Sonar|1985b}} }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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{{Jain temples}}<br />
{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jain temples in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Banaskantha district]]<br />
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]</div>Varundigitalmedia