https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Kyide_NyimagonKyide Nyimagon - Revision history2026-07-30T15:58:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Kyide_Nyimagon&diff=474988&oldid=prevEmilBarraza at 00:28, 4 November 20252025-11-04T00:28:09Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Founder of the Tibetan Ngari Khorsum Dynasty (?-930)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| embed = <br />
| name = Kyide Nyimagon<br />
| native_lang1 = bo<br />
| native_lang1_name1 = སྐྱིད་ཨིདེ་ཉི་མ་མགོན<br />
| title = <br />
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| image = Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 .- 1000 CE.png<br />
| image_size = 290px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Empire of King Nyimagon in 975<br />
| succession = Ngari Khorsum<br />
| reign = <br />
| reign-type = monarchy<br />
| coronation = <br />
| cor-type = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| pre-type = <br />
| successor = <br />
| suc-type = <br />
| succession1 = [[Maryul]]<br />
| moretext1 = <br />
| successor1 = [[Lhachen Palgyigon]]<br />
| suc-type1 =<br />
<br />
| succession2 = [[Purang-Guge Kingdom|Guge-Purang]]<br />
| moretext2 = <br />
| successor2 = [[Tashigön]]<br />
| suc-type2 =<br />
<br />
| succession3 = [[Zanskar]]<br />
| moretext3 = <br />
| successor3 = [[Detsukgön]]<br />
| suc-type3 =<br />
<br />
| birth_name = Khri-skyid-lding<br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --><br />
| birth_place = [[Lhasa]]<br />
| death_date = {{circa|930}}<br />
| death_place = [[Tsaparang]]<br />
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| queen = 'K'or-skyon{{sfn|Petech|1977|p=15}}<br />
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| consort = <!-- yes or no --><br />
| issue = <!--list children in order of birth. Use {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}} --><br />
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| father = [[Depal Khortsen]]<br />
| mother = <br />
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}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
|title=Kyide Nyimagon<br />
|c = {{linktext|lang=zh|吉|德|尼|玛|衮}}<br />
|p = jídé nímǎgǔn<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kyide Nyimagon'''{{sfn|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=18}}{{sfn|Powers|Templeman|2012|p=388}}{{sfn|Hāṇḍā|2001|p=128}} ({{bo|t=སྐྱིད་ལྡེ་ཉི་མ་མགོན|w=skyid lde nyi ma mgon|s=kyi dé nyi ma gön}}), whose original name was '''Khri-skyid-lding''', was a member of the [[Yarlung dynasty]] of [[Tibetan Empire|Tibet]] and a descendant of emperor [[Langdarma]]. He migrated to Western Tibet and founded the kingdom of '''Ngari Khorsum''' ("the three divisions of Ngari"){{sfn|Ryavec|2015|p=70}} around 912 CE. After his death in 930 CE, his large kingdom was divided among his three sons, giving rise to the three kingdoms of [[Maryul]] (Ladakh), [[Purang-Guge Kingdom|Guge-Purang]] and [[Zanskar]]-[[Spiti]].<br />
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== Family ==<br />
After the assassination of the emperor [[Langdarma]], the Tibetan empire entered a period of civil war over succession by Langdarma's two sons {{ill|Yumtän|qid=Q10880716}} (Yum-brtan) and {{ill|Ösung|qid=Q10887423}} ('Odsrung), which divided the empire into two parts.{{sfn|Ryavec|2015|p=70}}<br />
Ösung's son [[Depal Khortsen]] ({{circa|870}}–{{circa|910}}){{sfn|McKay|2003|p=57}} is believed to have controlled most or part of Central Tibet.{{sfn|Petech|1977|pp=14–15}}<br />
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Nyimagon was one of the sons of Depal Khortsen, the other being Trashi Tsentsän (''bKraśis-brtsegs-brtsan'').{{sfn|Petech|1977|p=15}} Both the sons fled [[Ü-Tsang]] (Central Tibet) in 910 when their father was murdered, at the end of the 3rd {{ill|revolt in Ü-Tsang|fr|révolte de l'Ü-Tsang}}, which is taken to mark the beginning of the Tibetan [[Era of Fragmentation]].<br />
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== Reign ==<br />
[[File:Sculptures at Sheh, image of Maitreya.png|thumb|Sculptures of [[Maitreya]] at [[Shey]], possibly raised by Nyimagon circa 975 AD.{{sfn|Francke|1907|loc=p. [https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n106/mode/1up 63]}}]]<br />
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According to [[Ladakhi chronicles]], Nyimagon reached Tö Ngari ("Upper Ngari") with only a hundred followers. But within a comparatively short time he established a large kingdom spanning Ladakh, Zanskar, Lahul, Spiti, Guge and Purang.{{sfn|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=18}}{{sfn|Petech|1977|p=15}}<br />
<br />
Nyimagon established a small kingdom in [[Rala, Tibet|Rala]] ({{zh|c=热拉|p=Rè lā}}), near [[Shiquanhe]] in the [[Sengge Zangbo]] valley, in or around 912. He is said to have started by building a ''Kharmar'' (reddish fort) at Rala in the Horse year,{{efn|The ruins of a red fort claimed to have been built by Nyimagon are located at {{coord|32.48230|N|79.85917|E|name=Rala red fort}}.{{sfn|Ryavec|2015|p=73}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.57tibet.com/ngari-travel-notes/2418.html |script-title=zh:热拉红堡 |title=Rè lā hóng bǎo<br />
|trans-title=Rala Red Fort |publisher=Ali Regional Tourism Bureau |via=57tibet.com |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> A close-up photograph was published in ''[[Chinese National Geography]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://card.weibo.com/article/m/show/id/2309404509127534575816?_wb_client_=1&object_id=1022%3A2309404509127534575816&extparam=lmid--4509127537747797&luicode=10000011&lfid=1076031826594470&featurecode=newtitle%E5%96%9C%E6%AC%A2 |script-title=zh:西藏典角村，前方距印度碉堡仅600米 |title=Xīzàng diǎn jiǎo cūn, qiánfāng jù yìndù diāobǎo jǐn 600 mǐ |trans-title=Dianjiao Village in Tibet, only 600 meters away from the Indian Bunker in front |last1=Zhao |first1=Chunjiang |last2=Gao |first2=Baojun |editor-last=Lei |editor-first=Dongjun |date=May 2020 |magazine=[[Chinese National Geography]] |at=Image 7 |accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref>}} another called ''Rtse-śp-rgya-ri'' in the Sheep year. The chronicles say he thought of causing many villages and hamlets to be built throughout the broad valleys of ''Dam'' and ''Lag'' (unidentified, but presumed to be connected to the Sutlej valley, later known as [[Guge]]). But he is said to have left [[Maryul]] (Ladakh) undisturbed.{{sfn|Ahmad|1963|p=36}}<br />
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After his establishment, ''Dge-bśes-btsan'' invited him to [[Burang Town|Purang]] and offered him his daughter '''Bro-za 'Khor-skyoṅ'' as wife. Nyimagon married her and had three sons.{{sfn|Ahmad|1963|p=36}}<br />
[[August Hermann Francke]], who translated the Ladakhi Chronicles, proposed that '''Khor-skyoṅ'' must have been the only daughter of the king of Purang. After his death, Nyimagon must have inherited his kingdom in addition to his own territories.{{sfn|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=18}}<br />
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Scholar [[Luciano Petech]] noted that the king of Purang belonged to the powerful '''Bro'' family of western Tibet, which had survived from the old [[Zhangzhung]] empire, and supplied queens and ministers to the Yarlung kings. The influence of wife's family as well as his own royal lineage would have contributed to Nyimagon's success in building a large kingdom.{{sfn|Petech|1977|pp=15–16}}<br />
<br />
The eldest son [[Palgyigon]] is seen to have expanded the kingdom to Ladakh, during the lifetime of his father. The land was at that time called [[Maryul]] and included [[Rudok]].{{sfn|Petech|1977|p=17}}{{sfn|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=19}}<br />
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== Succession ==<br />
[[File:Era of Fragmentation in Tibet.png|thumb|right|270px|The three kingdoms of Ngari in fragmented Tibet]]<br />
<br />
Nyimagon died around 930.{{sfn|Hāṇḍā|2001|p=128}}<br />
<br />
He divided his kingdom across his three sons. He gave [[Palgyigon]] ({{bo|w=dpal gyi mgon}}), his eldest son, the kingdom of [[Maryul]] (now known as Ladakh).{{sfn|Francke|1992|p=94}} His other two sons, {{ill|Tashigön|fr}} ({{bo|w=bkra sis mgon}}), and {{ill|Detsukgön|fr}} ({{bo|w=lde gtsug mgon}}) received the paternal estate, consisting of [[Purang-Guge Kingdom|Guge-Purang]] and [[Zanskar]]-[[Spiti]] respectively. These three countries together came to be called "Ngari Khorsum".{{sfn|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=19}}{{sfn|Francke|1992|p=94}}<br />
<br />
Tashigön's son [[Yeshe-Ö]], who inherited Guge-Purang in 967,{{sfn|Hāṇḍā|2001|p=209}} abdicated in 975 and became a lama. He founded the [[Tholing Monastery]], which became the premier centre for Buddhist learning and a key enabler of the [[Guge#Second diffusion of Buddhism|Second diffusion of Buddhism]] to Tibet.<br />
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In Ladakh, the Tibetan language and culture came to replace the culture of Brokpa and Mons, through the rule of Nyimagon's descendants as well as the influence of Tibetan Buddhism.{{sfn|Hāṇḍā|2001|p=128}}<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |chapter=Tibet and Ladakh: A History |title=Far Eastern Affairs |series=St. Antony's Papers |volume=14 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1963 |chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160}}<br />
* {{citation |first1=Marialaura |last1=Di Mattia |title=Historical Profile of Ladakhi Religious Architecture |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=21 |number=2, Shaping the Mind: Artistic Facets of Tibetan Civilization |date=Summer 1996 |pages=90–127 |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |jstor=43302279 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302279}}<br />
* {{citation |first1=Margaret W. |last1=Fisher |first2=Leo E. |last2=Rose |first3=Robert A. |last3=Huttenback |year=1963 |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |publisher=Praeger | doi=10.2307/40199339 |jstor=40199339 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010426792&view=1up&seq=7|hdl=2027/mdp.39015010426792 |hdl-access=free }}<br />
* {{citation |first=August Hermann |last=Francke |author-link=August Hermann Francke |title=A History of Western Tibet: One of the Unknown Empires |year=1907 |publisher=S.W. Partridge & Co |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n6/mode/2up}}<br />
* {{citation |first1=August Hermann |last1=Francke |author-link=August Hermann Francke |year=1992 |orig-year=1926 |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet |volume=38, Volume 50 of New imperial series |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0769-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG4J4IKd014C&pg=PA94}}<br />
* {{citation |first1=Christian |last1=Jahoda |first2=Christiane |last2=Kalantari |title=Kingship in Western Tibet in the 10th and 11th Centuries |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |volume=24 |year=2015 |pages=77–104 |publisher=École française d'Extrême-Orient |doi=10.3406/asie.2015.1315 |jstor=24906071 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24906071|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{citation |first1=Om Chanda |last1=Hāṇḍā |year=2001 |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-Religious History |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&pg=PA209}}<br />
* {{citation |editor1-first=Erberto |editor1-last=Lo Bue |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Bray |chapter=Introduction |title=Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27180-7 |ref={{sfnref|Lo Bue & Bray, Art and Architecture in Ladakh|2014}}}}<br />
** {{citation |last1=Howard |first1=Neil |last2=Howard |first2=Kath |chapter=Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul |title=Ibid |year=2014 |pages=68–99 |isbn=9789004271807 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |ref={{sfnref|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Le |first=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA88 |year=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 |ref={{sfnref|Le, Buddhist Architecture|2010}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Alex |last=McKay |title=The History of Tibet, Vol. 1 |publisher=Routledge Curzon |year=2003 |isbn=9780415308427}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |authorlink=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c.&nbsp;950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf |via=academia.edu}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA749 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Ryavec |first=Karl E. |title=A Historical Atlas of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECYmCQAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-24394-8}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyimagon, Kyide}}<br />
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century Tibetan people]]<br />
[[Category:People associated with Lahaul and Spiti district]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century monarchs in Asia]]</div>EmilBarraza