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{{Short description|Carnatic violinist/composer}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Lalgudi Jayaraman
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image = Lalgudi Jayaraman.jpg
| caption =
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|9|17}}
| birth_place = Edayathumangalam, [[Trichinopoly District]] (now a part of [[Lalgudi taluk]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]]), British India<ref>{{cite web |title=Lalgudi G. Jayaraman |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=384&at=1 |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak]] |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|4|22|1930|9|17}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| instrument = Violin, percussion, synthesizers
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Violinist, composer,
| years_active = 1942–2013
}}

{{Indian name|Jayaraman|Gopala Iyer}}

'''Lalgudi Gopala Iyer Jayaraman''' (17 September 1930 – 22 April 2013) was an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] violinist, vocalist and composer. He is commonly grouped with [[M.S. Gopalakrishnan]] and [[T.N.Krishnan]] as part of the violin-trinity of Carnatic Music. He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2001.

His disciples included his two children [[G. J. R. Krishnan|Lalgudi G. J. R. Krishnan]], [[Lalgudi Vijayalakshmi]], his sister Lalgudi Srimathi Brahmanandam, [http://www.spramh.com/ renowned musician S P Ramh] (grandson of Shri. G.N. Dandapani Iyer), renowned Harikatha exponent [[Vishaka Hari]], leading carnatic vocalist [[Saketharaman]], [[Vittal Ramamurthy]], Dr. N. Shashidhar, Film Music Composer [[Girishh G]], Padma Shankar, Kanchan Chandran, Raghuram Hosahalli, Srinivasamurthy, Pakkala Ramdas, Sankari Krishnan, Yamini Ramesh, Mumbai Shilpa, Shreya Devnath, Krithika Natarajan, Salem Sisters, Arushi Ramesh, the leading Vainika Srikanth Chary and the [[Academy Award]]-nominated [[Bombay Jayashri|Bombay Jayashri Ramnath]].

==Early life and background==
Born in the lineage of a disciple of the musician [[Thyagaraja]], Lalgudi Jayaraman inherited the essence of [[Carnatic music]] from his father, V. R. Gopala Iyer, who trained him. Gopala Iyer, a martinet, enforced traits of intense focus and discipline in the young Jayaraman through rigorous lessons. Though a harsh father and guru, Gopala Iyer would not allow the young Jayaraman to even sharpen pencils, believing that his tender fingers were too precious.<ref name="the hindu" >{{cite news|title=Lalgudi: a true love story|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 October 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/lalgudi-a-true-love-story/article5234545.ece|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Meera}}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of 12, he started his musical career as an accompanying violinist to Carnatic musicians before rising as a prominent soloist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/lalgudijayaraman.html|title=Music|access-date=2016-09-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192654/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/lalgudijayaraman.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/13/stories/2009031358370200.htm |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Lalgudi Jayaraman's varnams for posterity too, thanks to DVD release |date=2009-03-16 |access-date=2016-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316203200/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/13/stories/2009031358370200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 March 2009 }}</ref>

He expanded the style of violin playing by inventing a new technique that is designed to suit the needs of [[Indian Classical Music]] and establishing a unique style that came to be known as ''Lalgudi Bani''. Jayaraman composed several '[[kriti]]s', '[[tillana]]s' and '[[varnam]]s' and dance compositions, which are a blend of [[raga]], [[bhava]], rhythm and lyrical beauty. Lalgudi's instrumental talent comes to the fore in the form of lyrical excellence. He brought vocal style into violin, and his renditions exhibit knowledge of lyrical content of the compositions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1179430.ece|title=Award for Lalgudi Jayaraman|date=2008-01-15|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1373381.ece|title=Carnatica honours Lalgudi G. Jayaraman|date=2008-11-11|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3141263.ece|title=Honour for Lalgudi Jayaraman|date=2006-04-01|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref> Lalgudi actively and scientifically learned to self-critique his performances and dutifully wrote detailed reviews after each concert, a habit encouraged by his father and guru.<ref name="the hindu"/> He was loath to experiment on stage in his solo concerts and almost always planned to the last detail, leading a certain critic to tout them as being intellectual rather than emotional in spirit, but Lalgudi's spontaneity and innate musical genius were often seen when he accompanied leading vocalists.<ref name="the hindu"/>

He was always in great demand for accompanying vocalists, and has accompanied vocal virtuosos including [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]], [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]], [[M. D. Ramanathan]], [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], [[Madurai Mani Iyer]], Alathur brothers, Voleti Venkateswarulu, [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy]], [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]], [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]], [[D. K. Jayaraman]], [[Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna|M.Balamuralikrishna]], [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan]], [[T. N. Seshagopalan]] and flute maestro [[N. Ramani]]. He was forbidden from accompanying female artistes by his father, a promise that he kept.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/lalgudi-days-10233|title=Lalgudi Days|website=timescrest.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205044933/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/lalgudi-days-10233|archive-date=5 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He has given concerts extensively in [[India]] as well as abroad. The [[Government of India]] sent him to Russia as a member of the Indian Cultural Delegation.

He was the first to bring international attention to the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] style of violin playing. He also introduced a new concept of musical ensemble with violin, [[venu]] (flute) and [[veena]] in 1966.

After inviting him to play the [[Edinburgh Festival]] in 1965, [[Yehudi Menuhin]], the renowned violinist, impressed by Lalgudi's technique and performance, presented him with his Italian violin. Lalgudi presented Menuhin with an ivory dancing Nataraja when Menuhin visited India.<ref>Ashok Roy. (2004) [https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Music_Makers.html?id=JKWzEK5wJD4C&redir_esc=y Music Makers: Living Legends of Indian Classical Music]. Rupa Publications</ref>

He has also performed in Singapore, [[Malaysia]], [[Manila]] and East European countries. His recordings submitted to the [[International Music Council]], [[Baghdad]], Asian Pacific Music Rostrum and Iraq Broadcasting Agency by AIR New Delhi have been adjudged as the best and accorded the first position out of 77 entries received from the various countries during 1979. He was invited to give concerts at [[Cologne]], [[Belgium]] and France. The [[Government of India]] chose him to represent [[India]] at the Festival of India in USA, London and he gave solo and 'Jugalbandi' concerts in London and also in Germany and Italy that received rave reviews. Sri Lalgudi went on a tour in the year 1984 to [[Oman]], [[UAE]], [[Qatar]] and [[Bahrain]], which was highly successful. He composed the lyrics and music for the operatic ballet ''Jaya Jaya Devi'', which premiered in 1994 at [[Cleveland]], Ohio (US) and was staged in many other cities in the United States. In October 1999, Lalgudi performed in the UK under the auspices of Sruthi Laya Sangham (Institute of fine arts). After the concert, a dance drama ''Pancheswaram'', composed by Lalgudi, was staged.<ref>Priyamvada, Arita (2007). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TSkKAQAAMAAJ Encyclopaedia of Indian music]. Anmol</ref>

His biography, ''An Incurable Romantic'', by Lakshmi Devnath, was released posthumously in 2013. It contains a foreword by sitarist [[Ravi Shankar]], and charts his 70 years in the music industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Life-of-Lalgudi-Jayaraman-chronicled/2013/07/20/article1691873.ece|title=Life of Lalgudi Jayaraman chronicled|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship-2009 to Shri Lalgudi G. Jayaraman for his outstanding contribution to Carnatic music.jpg|thumb|Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship-2009 to Shri Lalgudi G. Jayaraman for his outstanding contribution to Carnatic music]]
Jayaraman earned several titles, such as 'Nada Vidya Tilaka' by Music Lovers’ Association of Lalgudi in 1963, '[[Padma Shri]]' by the [[Government of India]] in 1972, 'Nada Vidya Rathnakara' by East West Exchange in New York, 'Vadya Sangeetha Kalaratna' by Bharathi Society, New York; '[[Sangeetha Choodamani]]' by Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai in 1971; State Vidwan of [[Tamil Nadu]] by the Government of Tamil Nadu and Sangeetha Natak Academy award in 1979 etc. The First Chowdaiah Memorial National-Level award was given to Sri Jayaraman by the Chief Minister of [[Karnataka]]. He also received honorary citizenship of [[Maryland]], US in 1994 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2001.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2014 }}</ref> He won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] for the film ''[[Sringaram]]'' in 2006. In 2010, Jayaraman became a fellow of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Declaration of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowships (Akademi Ratna) and Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the year 2009 |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57900 |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lalgudi Jayaraman was married to Smt Rajalakshmi and had two children: his son [[G.J.R.Krishnan]] and his daughter [[Lalgudi Vijayalakshmi]]. Both follow the footsteps of their father and are famous in their own right. He had three sisters Padmavathy, a vainika, Rajalakshmi and Srimathi, both violinists. Srimathi learned violin from him as well. The renowned [[veena]] player [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]] is his sister Smt Rajalakshmi's daughter.

Jayaraman died on 22 April 2013 after suffering a cardiac arrest at his home in [[Chennai]]. He is survived by his son and daughter.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lalgudi Jayaraman passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/lalgudi-jayaraman-passes-away/article4644069.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/india/38735494_1_carnatic-music-music-academy-semmangudi-srinivasa-iyer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425212526/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/india/38735494_1_carnatic-music-music-academy-semmangudi-srinivasa-iyer | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 April 2013 | title=Carnatic violinist-composer Lalgudi G Jayaraman passes away in Chennai | date=22 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref>

==Compositions==
Most famous for his [[thillana]]s and [[varnam]]s, Sri Lalgudi Jayaraman is considered one of the most prolific composers of modern times.
His compositions span four languages ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]]), as well as a whole range of [[raga]]s not conventionally used for varnams or thillanas. Characteristic of his style, the melody of his compositions camouflages subtle rhythmic intricacies. His compositions are very popular with [[Bharathanatyam]] dancers, even as they have become a standard highlight of every leading [[Carnatic music]]ian's repertoire.
His compositions include:

===Varnams===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Compositions
!Raga
!Language
|-
|-
|Chalamu séyanéla
|[[Valaji]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Parama karuna
|[[Garudadhvani]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Neevé gatiyani
|Nalinakanthi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Neevégaani
|Mandari
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Vallabhai nayaka
|[[Mohanakalyani]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Devi un paadamé
|[[Devagandhari#In Carnatic music|Devagandhari]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Thirumal Maruga    
|Andolika
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Unnai yandri
|[[Mechakalyani|Kalyani]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Ento Premato
|[[Bahudari]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Tarunam En Taye
|Saama
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Jalajaksha Ni Padame
|[[Asaveri]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Inta Tamasamela
|Kanada
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Arunodayame Anbin Vadivame
|[[Bowli]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Nambum Anbarkkarulum
|Varamu
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Nadaswaroopini
|Neelambari
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Engum Nirai Daivame
|Hamsavinodini
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

===Pada Varnams===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Compositions
! Raga
!Language
|-
|Innam En Manam
|[[Charukesi]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Senthil Nagar Mevum
|Neelambari
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Devar Munivar Tozhum     
|[[Shanmukhapriya]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Angayarkanni Anandam Kondale
|Ragamalika (Navarasa pada varnam)
Ragas: [[Bilahari]], Huseni, [[Valaji]],

Saranga, [[Sucharitra]], [[Atana|Athana]], [[Rasikapriya]], [[Sahana (raga)|Sahana]], Nadanamakriya
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

===Thillanas===
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Raga
! Tala
! Language
|-
|-
|Vasanta
|Adi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|Darbari Kanada
|Adi
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|[[Bageshree]]
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Desh
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Hameer kalyani
|Adi
|Telugu
|-
|Behag
|Adi (Tisra Nada)
|Tamil
|-
|[[Anandabhairavi]]
|Adi
|Telugu
|-
|[[Kāpi|Kapi]]
|Adi (Tisra Nada)
|Tamil
|-
|[[Tilang]]
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Dwijavanti
|Adi
|[[Sanskrit]]
|-
|Pahadi
|Misra Chapu
|Sanskrit
|-
|Kanada
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Kuntalavarali
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Brindavani
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Kadanakuthuhalam 
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|[[Mohanakalyani]]
|Adi
|Sanskrit
|}
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Raga
! Tala
! Language
|-
|-
|Yamuna kalyani  
|Misra Chapu
|Tamil
|-
|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Chenchurutti
|Adi (Tisra Nada)
|Tamil
|-
|Bhimplas
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|[[Rageshree]]
|Adi
|Telugu
|-
|[[Revati (ragam)|Revati]]
|Misra Chapu
|Tamil
|-
|Vaasanti
|Misra Chapu
|Tamil
|-
|[[Madhuvanti]]
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|[[Khamas (raga)|Khamas]]
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Misrasivaranjani
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Mand
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|[[Hamsanandi]]
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Karnaranjani
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Nalinakanthi
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Bindumalini
|Adi
|Tamil
|-
|Durga
|Adi
|Sanskrit
|}
{{col-end}}Sri Lalgudi Jayaraman also tuned the [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]] thillana 'Gitu Dhunika Taka Dhim' in Raga [[Dhanashree]] and set the compositions in its current form, which then went on to become hugely popular

===Krithis===
{| class="wikitable"
!Krithi
!Raga
!Language
|-
|Vinayakunnadeva
|[[Dharmavati]]
|Telugu
|-
|Kandan Seyalandro
|[[Nattakurinji]]
|Tamil
|-
|Ten Madurai Vazh
|Hamsaroopini
|Tamil
|-
|Kumara Guruguham
|[[Shanmukhapriya]]
|Sanskrit
|-
|Nee Dayai Seyyavidil
|Begada
|Tamil
|-
|Sri Jagadeeswari Durga<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DoqPZz9z0c|title=Sri Jagadeeswari Durga|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|Ahir Bhairav
|Sanskrit
|}
Apart from these compositions, Sri Lalgudi jayaraman has composed jathiswarams and swarajathis as well. The jathiswaram in [[Rasikapriya]] raga is popular among Bharatanatyam dancers. He has also composed a unique swarajathi which demonstrates the concept of [[Graha bhedam|Grahabhedam]], using ragas [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]], Chenchurutti, [[Mohanakalyani]], Behag and Tilang. He was a much sought after tunesmith who set tunes to numerous songs and compositions including several krithis of [[Ambujam Krishna]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416042221/http://www.lalgudis.com/ Official site of Sri Lalgudi Jayaraman]
*{{IMDb name|3159430}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaraman, Lalgudi}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:20th-century violinists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Lalgudi Jayaraman - Revision history

->Citation bot at 02:14, 11 November 2021