Ajay Kumar at 20:18, 30 August 2023

2023-08-30T20:18:42Z

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{{short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Laridae
| image = Larus argentatus ad.jpg
| image_caption = [[European herring gull]]
| taxon = Laridae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = See [[#Genera|text]].
}}

'''Laridae''' is a [[Family (Biology)|family]] of [[seabird]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Charadriiformes]] that includes the [[seagull]]s, [[kittiwakes]] [[tern]]s, [[noddies]], [[Skimmer (bird)|skimmer]]s. It includes around 100 [[species]] arranged into 22 [[genera]]. They are an adaptable group of mostly aerial birds found worldwide.

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Laridae on Lake Baikal.png|thumb|Laridae on Lake Baikal]]
{{Cladogram|title=Laridae phylogeny
|caption=Part of the cladogram of the genera in the order [[Charadriiformes]] based on the analysis by Baker and colleagues published in 2007.<ref name=baker2007>{{ cite journal | last1=Baker | first1=A.J. | last2=Pereira | first2=S.L. | last3=Paton | first3=T.A. | year=2007 | title=Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | journal=Biology Letters | volume=3 | issue= 2| pages=205–209 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 | doi-access=free | pmc=2375939 | pmid=17284401}} {{ cite journal | title=Erratum: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | year=2008 | journal=Biology Letters | volume=4 | pages=762–763 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606erratum | doi-access=free | last1 = Baker | first1 = Allan J | last2 = Pereira | first2 = Sérgio L | last3 = Paton | first3 = Tara A}}</ref>
|align=right
|cladogram={{Cladex| style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Onychoprion]]''
|2=''[[Sterna]]''
}}
|2=''[[Thalasseus]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chlidonias]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gelochelidon]]''
|2=''[[Hydroprogne]]''
}}
|2=''[[Larosterna]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Phaetusa]]''
|2=''[[Sternula]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Larus]]''
|2=''[[Kittiwake|Rissa]]''
}}
|2=''[[Pagophila]]''
}}
|2=''[[Xema]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Creagrus]]''
|2=''[[Rhodostethia]]''
}}
}}
|2=''[[Rynchops]]''
}}
}}
|2=''[[Gygis]]''
}}
|2=''[[Anous]]''
}}
}}
}}
The family Laridae was introduced (as Laridia) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=72 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310150 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=138, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref> Historically, Laridae were restricted to the [[gull]]s, while the [[tern]]s were placed in a separate family, Sternidae, and the [[Skimmer (bird)|skimmer]]s in a third family, [[Rynchopidae]].<ref name=CB08>{{cite book |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|author1=Christidis, Les |author2=Boles, Walter E. |year=2008 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6 |pages=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&pg=PA128}}</ref> The [[Noddy (tern)|noddies]] were traditionally included in Sternidae. In 1990 Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist included [[auks]] and [[skuas]] in a broader family Laridae.<ref>[[Charles Sibley|Sibley, Charles Gald]] & [[Jon Edward Ahlquist|Ahlquist, Jon Edward]] (1990): ''Phylogeny and classification of birds''. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.</ref>

A [[molecular phylogenetic]] study by Baker and colleagues published in 2007 found that the noddies in the genus ''[[Anous]]'' formed a [[sister group]] to a [[clade]] containing the gulls, skimmers, and the other terns.<ref name=baker2007/> To create a [[monophyletic]] family group, Laridae was expanded to include the genera that had previously been in Sternidae and Rynchopidae.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Noddies, gulls, terns, auks | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/gulls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name=hbw>{{cite book| last1=Burger | first1=J. | last2=Gochfeld | first2=M. | last3=Bonan | first3=A. | chapter=Gulls, Terns, Skimmers (Laridae) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | year=2020 | publisher=Lynx Edicions | doi=10.2173/bow.larida1.01 | s2cid=216448411 | chapter-url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52249 | access-date=22 April 2017 }}</ref>

Baker and colleagues found that the Laridae lineage diverged from a lineage that gave rise to both the skuas ([[Stercorariidae]]) and auks ([[Alcidae]]) before the end of the [[Cretaceous]] in the age of dinosaurs. They also found that the Laridae themselves began expanding in the early [[Paleocene]], around 60 million years ago.<ref name=baker2007/> The German palaeontologist [[Gerald Mayr]] has questioned the validity of these early dates and suggested that inappropriate fossils were used in calibrating the molecular data. The earliest charadriiform fossils date only from the late [[Eocene]], around 35 million years ago.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Mayr | first=Gerald | author-link=Gerald Mayr | year=2011 | title=The phylogeny of charadriiform birds (shorebirds and allies) – reassessing the conflict between morphology and molecules | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=161 | issue=4 | pages=916–934 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00654.x | doi-access= }}</ref>

Anders Ödeen and colleagues investigated the development of [[Tetrachromacy|ultraviolet vision]] in shorebirds, by looking for the [[OPN1SW|SWS1 opsin gene]] in various species; as gulls were the only shorebirds known to have developed the trait. They discovered that the gene was present in the gull, skimmer, and noddy lineages but not the tern lineage. They also recovered the noddies as an early lineage, though the evidence was not strong.<ref>{{ cite journal | title= Evolution of ultraviolet vision in shorebirds (Charadriiformes) | last1=Odeen| first1= Anders |last2= Håstad| first2= Olle |last3= Alström | first3= Per |journal =Biology Letters| date=2010| volume=6| issue=3| pages=370–74 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0877| pmc=2880050 | pmid=20015861}}</ref>

===Genera===
For the complete list of species, see the article [[List of Laridae species]].

===[[Noddy (tern)|Noddies]]{{efn|The genera are listed in [[Taxonomic sequence|taxonomic order]].<ref name=ioc/>}}===
*Genus ''[[Anous]]'' (5 species)
*Genus ''Gygis'' ([[white tern]]){{efn|1=There is discussion in the IOC about renaming this species "white noddy" to reflect its relationships}}

===[[Skimmer (bird)|Skimmer]]s===
*Genus ''[[Rynchops]]'' (3 species)

===[[Gull]]s===
*Genus ''Creagrus'' ([[swallow-tailed gull]])
*Genus ''[[Kittiwake|Rissa]]'' (kittiwakes) (2 species)
*Genus ''Pagophila'' ([[ivory gull]])
*Genus ''Xema'' ([[Sabine's gull]])
*Genus ''[[Chroicocephalus]]'' (11 species)
*Genus ''Hydrocoloeus'' ([[little gull]])
*Genus ''Rhodostethia'' ([[Ross's gull]])
*Genus ''[[Leucophaeus]]'' (5 species)
*Genus ''[[Ichthyaetus]]'' (5 species)
*Genus ''[[Larus]]'' (25 species)

===[[Tern]]s===
*Genus ''[[Gelochelidon]]'' (2 species)
*Genus ''Hydroprogne'' ([[Caspian tern]])
*Genus ''[[Thalasseus]]'' (8 species)
*Genus ''[[Sternula]]'' (7 species)
*Genus ''[[Onychoprion]]'' (4 species)
*Genus ''[[Sterna]]'' (13 species)
*Genus ''[[Chlidonias]]'' (4 species)
*Genus ''Phaetusa'' ([[large-billed tern]])
*Genus ''Larosterna'' ([[Inca tern]])

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Ahlainen.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|The Laridae in the coat of arms of [[Ahlainen]]]]
The Laridae have spread around the world, and their adaptability has likely been a factor. Most have become much more aerial than their ancestor, which was likely some form of shorebird.<ref>{{cite book | last=Moynihan | first= Martin | year=1959 | title=A revision of the family Laridae (Aves) | series=American Museum Novitates | volume=Number 1928 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5365//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1928.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Grant, Peter J. (1986) ''Gulls: a guide to identification'' {{ISBN|0-85661-044-5}}
* Howell, Steve N. G. and Jon Dunn (2007) ''Gulls of the Americas'' {{ISBN|0-618-72641-1}}
* Olsen, Klaus Malling & Larsson, Hans (1995): ''Terns of Europe and North America''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. {{ISBN|0-7136-4056-1}}

==External links==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Laridae}}
*{{Commonscat-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q27589}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Laridae| ]]
[[Category:Seabirds]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]

Laridae - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 20:18, 30 August 2023