UpdateBot at 15:16, 29 June 2022

2022-06-29T15:16:28Z

New page

{{Short description|none}}
There are over 150 [[species]] of [[timber]] which are produced in [[India]]. Following are the chief varieties of timber (trees) which are used for engineering purposes in India:

{| class="wikitable"
! Common name
! [[Binomial nomenclature]]
! [[Color|Colour]]
! colspan=2 | [[Density]] '''¹'''
! Location
! Characteristics, usage and status
|-
| Aini or Aangili
| ''[[Artocarpus hirsutus]]''
| Yellowish brown
| {{convert|595|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
| Elastic, close-grained, and strong. It takes [[Polishing|polish]]. It can be used [[underwater]]. It is used for ordinary building construction, structural work, [[Pavement (material)|paving]], and [[furniture]].
|-
|Ardu
|''[[Ailanthus excelsa]]''
|White to pale yellowish
| {{convert|433|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|[[Rajasthan]], [[West Bengal]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|It develops straight grained, fairly even and very coarse textured. It can be used for timber, poles, [[pulp and paper]], [[furniture]], fodder, fuel, matchbox making and medicinal purposes.
|-
| Arjun
| ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' ''[[Terminalia elliptica]]''
| Dark brown<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.woodcarving.com.np/tow.php Wood Carving Industries Private Limited : About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704211138/http://www.woodcarving.com.np/tow.php |date=2007-07-04 }}</ref>
| {{convert|870|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| [[Central India]]
| It is heavy and strong. It has such uses as [[beam (structure)|beams]], [[rafter]]s, and posts.
|-
| Axlewood
| ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]''
|
| {{convert|930|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| It is very strong, hard and tough. It takes a smooth finish. It is subject to cracking.
|-
| Babul
| [[Acacia nilotica subsp. indica|''Acacia nilotica'' subsp. ''indica'']]
| Whitish red
| {{convert|835|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| [[Rajasthan]], Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, [[Bengal]], [[Gujarat]], Uttar Pradesh
| It is strong, hard and tough and it takes up a good polish. It is used for such products as bodies and [[wheel]]s of [[bullock cart]], agricultural instruments, tool handles, and well curbs.
|-
| Bakul
| ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' ''[[Mimusops parvifolia]]''<ref>[http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/MMU_EL.htm Mimusops elengi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012214522/http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/MMU_EL.htm |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref>
| Reddish brown
| {{convert|880|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Some parts of North India
| It is close-grained and tough. It is used for making [[Cabinet (furniture)|cabinets]].
|-
| [[Bamboo]]
| Family [[Poaceae]], tribe Bambuseae
|
|
|
| Throughout India, especially [[Assam]] and Bengal
| Not actually a tree, but a woody grass, it is flexible, very strong and durable. It is used for [[scaffolding]]s, thatched roofs, rafters, and temporary bridges.
|-
| [[Banyan]]
| ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''
| Brown
| {{convert|580|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Throughout India
| It is strong and durable only under water. The aerial roots are utilized for such items as tent poles and well curbs.
|-
| Benteak
| ''[[Lagerstroemia parviflora]]''
|
| {{convert|675|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Kerala, Madras, Maharashtra, Karnataka
| It is strong and takes up a smooth surface. It may be used for building constructions, [[boat building]] and furniture.
|-
| Bijasal
| [[Pterocarpus marsupium]]
| Light brown
| {{convert|800|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| It is coarse-grained, durable and strong but difficult to work. Termites (also known as white ant) do not easily attack it. It is used for ordinary building construction and for [[cart]] wheels. '''Vulnerable'''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34620/summ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search]</ref>
|-
| [[Casuarina]]
| ''Casuarina'' spp.
| Reddish brown
| {{convert|765|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala (Exotic, originally from Australia)
| It grows straight. It is strong and fibrous. It is, however, badly twisted. It is often used for scaffolding and posts for temporary structures.
|-
| [[Coconut]]
| ''Cocos nucifera''
| Reddish brown
|
|
| Throughout coastal India
| Takes polish. Requires preservative treatment. Used as poles, piles, furniture and as formwork in concrete construction.
|-
| [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]]
| ''Cedrus deodara''
| Yellowish brown
| {{convert|560|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].
| Deodar is the most important timber tree providing soft wood. It can be easily worked and it is moderately strong. It possesses distinct annual rings. It is used for making cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, and structural work.
|-
| Gambar
| ''[[Gmelina arborea]]''
| Pale yellow
| {{convert|580|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| [[Central India]], [[South India]]
| It can be easily worked and is strong and durable especially when used under water. It is used for such products as furniture, carriage, well curbs, [[yoke]]s, and door panels.
|-
| Hopea
| ''[[Hopea parviflora]]''
| Light to deep brown
| {{convert|1010|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Madras, Kerala
| Hopea is extremely strong and tough. It is difficult to work. However, it can be seasoned easily and it is durable and not likely to be damaged by white ants. It has been variously used for ordinary house construction, railway sleepers, [[Deep foundation|piles]], and boat building. '''Endangered'''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/33021/summ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search]</ref>
|-
| Himalayan Elm, Indian Elm
| ''[[Ulmus wallichiana]]''
| Red
| {{convert|960|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Throughout India
| It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, and carts.
|-
| [[Ironwood]], Penaga Lilin, <br />Bosneak, Gangaw, Mesua
| ''[[Mesua ferrea]]''
| Reddish brown<ref>[http://www.hobbithouseinc.com/personal/woodpics/penaga.htm Exotic Wood penaga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055508/http://www.hobbithouseinc.com/personal/woodpics/penaga.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>
| {{convert|960|–|1060|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref>[http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/techsheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Mesuaferrea.html Mesua ferrea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325010033/http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Mesuaferrea.html |date=2007-03-25 }}</ref>
|
| Ironwood is durable though it is very hard and is not easily worked. It even resists penetration of nails. It is used for ordinary house construction, bridges, piles, agricultural instruments, railway wagons, and railway sleepers.
|-
| Irul, Pyinkado
| ''[[Xylia xylocarpa]]''
|
| {{convert|830|–|1060|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030105440/http://www.windsorplywood.com/tropical_woods/pyinkado.html Pyinkado]</ref>
| Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu
| It is very hard, heavy and durable. Difficult to work, it also requires slow and careful seasoning. It is used for railway sleepers, agricultural instruments, paving blocks, and heavy construction. '''Least concern'''.<ref>http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R3gr7I7v1LwJ:w3.puukeskus.upm-kymmene.com/pks/internet/pksintern2.nsf/AllByLanguageID/6BF397CE332B5C63C2256ABC0037B9E2_1%3FOpenDocument+Xylia+xylocarpa&hl=fi&ct=clnk&cd=20&gl=fi&client=firefox-a</ref>
|-
| [[Jack (tree)|Jack]]
| ''Mangifera caesia''.
| Yellow, darkens with age
| {{convert|595|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
| It is compact and even grained. It is moderately strong and easy to work. It takes a good finish and maintains its shape well. It has many uses including plain furniture, boat construction, well curbs, door panels, cabinet making and musical instruments.
|-
| Jarul
| ''[[Lagerstroemia]] flos-reginae''
| Light reddish gray
| {{convert|640|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Assam, Bengal, Maharashtra
| Hard and durable, it can be easily worked. It takes a good finish and is used for house construction, boat building, railway carriages, cart making and scaffolding.
|-
| [[Jackfruit|Kathal]], Keledang,<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://tropix.cirad.fr/asia/keledang.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130131935/http://tropix.cirad.fr/asia/keledang.pdf |archivedate=2006-11-30 }}</ref> Jackfruit
| ''Artocarpus heterophyllus''
| Yellow to deep brown
| {{convert|800|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
| It is heavy and hard. It is durable under water and in damp conditions, however, it cracks if exposed to direct sun. White ants do not attack it. It is used for piles, platforms of wooden bridges, door and window panels.
|-
| Lauraceae, Saj
| [[Lauraceae]]
| Dark brown<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.woodcarving.com.np/images/saj.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205657/http://www.woodcarving.com.np/images/saj.jpg |archivedate=2007-09-28 }}</ref>
| {{convert|880|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
| It is strong, hard and tough. It is subject to cracking and attack by dry rot. White ants do not attack it. It takes a smooth finish. It is used for such purposes as house construction, boat construction, railway sleepers and structural work.
|-
| [[Mahogany]]
| ''[[Swietenia]]'' spp.
| Reddish brown
| {{convert|720|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra, Bengal (Exotic, originally from Jamaica)
| It takes a good polish and is easily worked. It is durable under water. It is most commonly used for furniture, pattern making and cabinet work.
|-
| [[Mango]]
| ''Mangifera'' spp
| Deep gray
| {{convert|560|–|720|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref>[http://www.windsorplywood.com/tropical_woods/mango.html Mango] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205736/http://www.windsorplywood.com/tropical_woods/mango.html |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
| Throughout India
| The mango tree is well known for its fruits. It is easy to work and it maintains its shape well. It is moderately strong. It is most often used for cheap furniture, toys, packing boxes, cabinet work, panels for doors and for windows.
|-
| [[Mulberry]]
| ''Morus'' spp.
| Brown
| {{convert|650|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Punjab
| It is strong, tough and elastic. It takes up a clean finish. It can be well seasoned. It is turned and carved easily. Mulberry is typically used for baskets and sports goods like [[hockey stick]]s, [[Racquet|tennis rackets]] and [[cricket bat]]s.
|-
| [[Oak]]
| ''Quercus'' spp.
| Yellowish brown
| {{convert|865|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|
| Oak is strong and durable, with straight silvery grain. It is used for preparing sporting goods.
|-
| Palm
| [[Arecaceae]]
| Dark brown
| {{convert|1040|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Throughout India
| It contains ripe wood in the outer crust. The colour of this ripened wood is dark brown. It is strong, durable and fibrous. Palm is used for furniture, roof covering, rafters and joists.
|-
| [[Pine]]
| ''Pinus'' spp.
|
|
|
|
| Pine wood is hard and tough except white pine which is soft. It decays easily if it comes into contact with soil. It is heavy and coarse grained. It is used for pattern making, frames for doors and windows, and for paving material. White pine is light and straight grained and is used in the manufacture of [[match]]es.
|-
| [[Toona ciliata|Red cedar]]
|
| Red<ref name=autogenerated2 />
| {{convert|480|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Assam, Nagpur
| It is soft and even grained. It is used for furniture, door panels and well curbs.
|-
| [[Rosewood]]
| ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]''
| Dark<ref name=autogenerated2 />
| {{convert|850|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref>[http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/techsheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/dalber1.html Dalbergia latifolia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102083209/http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/techsheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/dalber1.html |date=2008-01-02 }}</ref>
| Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orrissa
| It is strong, tough and close-grained. It is a handsome wood that takes up a high polish. It maintains its shape well and is available in large sizes. It is used for furniture of superior quality, cabinet work, and ornamental carvings. '''Vulnerable'''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/32098/summ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search]</ref>
|-
| Sal
| ''[[Shorea robusta]]''
| Brown<ref name=autogenerated2 />
| {{convert|880|–|1050|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref>[http://www.haryana-online.com/Flora/sal.htm Sal - Shorea robusta - Flora - Tree - Timber - Haryana Online - North India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202715/http://www.haryana-online.com/Flora/sal.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa
| It is hard, fibrous and close-grained. It does not take up a good polish. It requires slow and careful seasoning. It is durable under ground and water. It is used for railway sleepers, [[shipbuilding]], and bridges.
|-
| [[Sandalwood]]
| ''Santalum'' spp.
| White or Red
| {{convert|930|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Nagpur, Bengal
| It has a pleasant smell. It is commonly used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, wheels, and mallets. '''Vulnerable'''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/31852/summ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search]</ref>
|-
| [[Satinwood]]
| ''[[Chloroxylon|Chloroxylon swietenia]]''
| Yellow<ref>[http://www.hobbithouseinc.com/personal/woodpics/satinwood.htm Exotic Wood satinwood]</ref>
| {{convert|960|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Central and Southern India
| It is very hard and durable. It is close grained. It is used for furniture and other ornamental works. '''Vulnerable'''.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/33260/summ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search]</ref>
|-
| Simul
| ''[[Bombax]]'' spp.
| White
| {{convert|450|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| All over India
| It is a loose grained, inferior quality wood. Light in weight, it is used for packing cases, the match industry, well curbs, and for cheap furniture.
|-
| Siris
| ''[[Albizia]]'' spp.
| Dark brown
|
|
| North India
| Hard and durable, Siris wood is difficult to work. It is used for well curbs in salty water, beams, posts, and furniture.
|-
| Sissoo
| ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]''
| Yellowish white
| {{convert|770|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Mysore, Maharashtra, Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa
| Also known as [[shisham]] or [[Dalbergia sissoo|tali]], this wood is strong and tough. It is durable and handsome and it maintains its shape well. It can be easily seasoned. It is difficult to work but it takes a fine polish. It is used for high quality furniture, [[plywood]]s, bridge piles, sport goods, and railway sleepers. It is a very good material for decorative works and [[Wood carving|carving]]s.
|-
| [[Spruce]]
| ''Picea'' spp.
|
| {{convert|480|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|
| Spruce wood resists decay and is not affected by the attack of marine borers. It is however liable to shrink, twist and warp. It is used for piles under water and (formerly) for aeroplane construction.
|-
| Sundri
| ''[[Heritiera fomes]]''
| Dark red
| {{convert|960|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}
| Bengal
| It is hard and tough. It is difficult to season and work. It is elastic and close grained. It is strong and durable. These qualities make it suited for such uses as boat building, piles, poles, tool handles, and carriage shafts.
|-
| [[Tamarind]]
| ''Tamarindus indica''
| Dark brown
| {{convert|1300|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
| All over India
| Tamarind is knotty and durable. It is a beautiful tree for avenue and gardens. Its development is very slow but it ultimately forms a massive appearance. Its fruit is also very useful. It is used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, sugar mills, carts and brick burning.
|-
| [[Teak]]
| ''Tectona grandis''
| Deep yellow to dark brown<ref>[http://www.hobbithouseinc.com/personal/woodpics/teak.htm Exotic Wood teak]</ref>
| {{convert|639|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref>http://tropix.cirad.fr/asia/teak.pdf{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| Central India and Southern India
| Moderately hard, teak is durable and fire-resistant. It can be easily seasoned and worked. It takes up a good polish and is not attacked by white ants and dry rot. It does not corrode iron fastenings and it shrinks little. It is among the most valuable timber trees of the world and its use is limited to superior work only.
|-
| Toon, Red Cedar<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://www.privateforestry.org.au/camwp_4.htm Nrrpc-Wood Property Report On Camphor Laurel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829035230/http://www.privateforestry.org.au/camwp_4.htm |date=2007-08-29 }}</ref>
| ''[[Toona ciliata]]''
| Reddish brown or dull red<ref name=autogenerated2 />
| {{convert|450|kg/m3|abbr=on|disp=table}}<ref name=autogenerated3 />
| Assam
| It can be easily worked. It is light in weight. It is used for such products as furniture, packing boxes, cabinet making and door panels.
|}
{{refbegin}}¹ After seasoning at 12% moisture content{{refend}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}

== Indian Mangrove ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*Agati
*Algaroba
*Arni
*Ashok
*Asian Bushbeech
*Badminton Ball Tree
*Batino
*Blackjack Oak
*Bothi
*Brazilian Pepper
*Buddha Coconut
*Cashew
*Caucasian Maple
*Chaste Tree
*Chhal Mogra
*Chironji Tree
*Cinnamon
*Coffee Plum
*Common Sesban
*Common White Frangipani
*Crape Jasmine
*Dandal
*Devil Tree
*East-Indian Screw Tree
*Fiddlewood
*Frangipani pink
*Frangipani red
*Fried Egg Tree
*Gamhar
*Ginkgo
*Governor's Plum
*Guest Tree
*Himalayan Maple
*Himalayan Tree Hydrangea
*Indian Ash Tree
*Indian Bay Leaf
*Indrajao
*Java Olive
*Jerusalem Thorn
*Jhand
*Kakkar
*Kanak Champa
*Large Leaf Looking Glass Tree
*Lobed-leaf Alangium
*Looking Glass Mangrove
*Madagascar Palm
*Mango
*Meda
*Mexican Oleander
*Moulmein Rosewood
*Mountain Sweet Thorn
*Nag Kudagr
*Nelthare
*Netted Custard Apple
*Pale Sterculia
*Parrot's Beak
*Peacock Chaste Tree
*Pisa
*Pongam Tree
*Prickly Padauk
*Rain Tree
*Sage Leaved Alangium
*Scarlet Sterculia
*Sea Mango
*Singkrang
*Spotted Sterculia
*Sugar Apple
*Sweet Chestnut
*Teak
*Tipu Tree
*Tree Bean
*Tree of Life
*West Indian Elm
*White Frangipani
*White Locust Tree
*Wild Mango
*Wild Tamarind
*Woolly Dyeing Rosebay
*Woolly Leaved Oak
*Ylang Ylang
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
*[[Flora of the Indian epic period]]
*[[Flora of Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Trees}}
[[Category:Lists of trees]]
[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Trees of India]]
[[Category:Lists of biota of India]]

List of Indian timber trees - Revision history

UpdateBot at 15:16, 29 June 2022