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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE in the northwest [[Indian subcontinent]], around the [[Indus River]] plains. It covered much of modern-day eastern-[[Pakistan]] and northwestern [[India]], as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[[Henri-Paul Francfort]], ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique, Paris, pl. 75, no. 7</ref>
Over 1000 [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites have been discovered.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=39}} Only 40 sites on the [[Indus valley]] were known in the pre-[[Partition of India|Partition]] era<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&q=40&pg=PA12| title = History of India|isbn = 978-81-7335-498-4|last1 = Malik|first1 = Dr Malti| publisher = New Saraswati House India Pvt}}</ref> by [[Archaeological Survey of India|archaeologists]].

The most widely known Indus Valley sites are [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]]; Mohenjo-daro is located in modern-day [[Sindh]], while Harappa is in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations | title=Indus River Valley civilizations (Article) }}</ref> More than 90% of the [[Indus script|inscribed objects and seals]] that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.<ref>[[Iravatham Mahadevan]], 1977, [https://archive.org/details/masi77indusscripttextsconcordancestablesiravathammahadevanalt_443_h ''The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables''], pp. 6-7</ref><ref>[[Upinder Singh]], 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA169 ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century''], p. 169</ref> More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, including at [[Rakhigarhi]] (first site with [[genetic testing]]), [[Mohenjo-Daro]], [[Harappa]], [[Farmana]], [[Kalibangan]], [[Lothal]], [[Dholavira]], [[Mehrgarh]], [[Banawali]], [[Alamgirpur]] and [[Chanhudaro]] .<ref name="korj1">Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin, Vasant Shinde, 2015,[https://e-aba.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0107KJPA/kjpa-28-1.pdf], Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.</ref>

==List of Indus Valley sites ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2016}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Indus Valley Civilisation discoveries
|-
!Year
! Site
! District
! Province/state
! Country
! Image
! Excavations/findings
|-
|
|[[Alamgirpur]]
|[[Meerut District]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|Impression of cloth on trough
|-
|
|[[Allahdino]]
|[[Karachi district]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|[[Floor tiles]] of a house have been discovered at this site<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106828|quote=kalibangan tiles.|title=Indian History|year=1930|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-06323-7|language=en}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Amri, Sindh]]
|[[Dadu District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Remains of a rhinoceros

|-
|
|[[Babar Kot]]
|[[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Rajula]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|A stone fortification wall,<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=babar+kot&pg=PA222}}</ref> plant remains of millets and gram<ref name=singh/><ref name=history>{{cite book|editor-last=Agnihotri|editor-first=V.K.|title=Indian History|year=1981|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=Mumbai|pages=A–82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=babar+kot&pg=SL1-PA82|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Balu, Haryana]]
|[[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Earliest evidence of garlic.<ref name=singh1>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=137, 157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Balu}}</ref> Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, multiple types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. (Saraswat and Pokharia - 2001-2)<ref name=singh/> which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice (probably wild)

|-
|1974<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indus Valley Civilization - Major Sites years |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/major-sites-indus-valley-civilization/}}</ref>
|[[Banawali]]
|[[Fatehabad District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Excavated in 1973 by RS Bisht.
Located alongside the Saraswati River.
This area contains evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture as well as high-quality barley. Found terracotta figure of a plough
|-
|
|[[Bargaon (archaeological site)|Bargaon]]
|[[Saharanpur District]]<ref>Archaeological Survey of India Publication:Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review
[http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201963-64%20A%20Review.pdf]</ref>
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Baror]]
|[[Sri Ganganagar district]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[India]]
|
|Human skeleton, ornaments, a five-meter-long and three-meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8,000 pearls<ref name="Baror near Ramsinghpur">{{cite news|title=Baror near Ramsinghpur|work=Rajasthan patrika newspaper |date=19 June 2006 }}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Bet Dwarka]]
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook<ref name=xbd>{{cite journal |last1= Rao |first1= S. R. |last2= Gaur|first2=A. S. |date= July 1992 |title= Excavations at Bet Dwarka|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3085/2/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_42.pdf?origin=publication_detail|journal= Marine Archaeology|publisher= Marine Archaeological Centre, Goa|volume=3 |pages=42–|access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=cs>{{cite journal |last=Gaur |first=A. S. |date=25 February 2004 |title=A unique Late Bronze Age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, west coast of India: Evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252004/512.pdf |journal=Current Science |publisher=IISc |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=512–514 |access-date=1 January 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104035659/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252004/512.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Bhagatrav]]
|[[Bharuch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bhirrana]]
|[[Fatehabad District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro
|-
|1931<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of Archaeological Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-archaeological-sites-of-indus-valley-civilisation-1467110274-1}}</ref>
|[[Chanhudaro]]
|[[Nawabshah District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Excavated in 1931 by NG Majumdar.
Located in Sindh, Pakistan, on the banks of the Indus River. Only Indus site without a citadel.
Excavated items include bronze statues of bullock carts and ekkas as well as a small jar that appears to be a kink well.
Bead making factory, use of [[lipstick]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.osmanian.com/2011/06/indus-valley-harappan-civilization.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201957/http://www.osmanian.com/2011/06/indus-valley-harappan-civilization.html|archive-date=20 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|
|Chapuwala
|[[Cholistan Desert|Cholistan]]
|[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Unexcavated 9.6 hectares<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1899/2/1899_v2.pdf|title=Hidden agenda testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Daimabad]]
|[[Ahmadnagar District]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:Coach driver Indus 01.jpg|100px|bronze sculpture]]
|A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures.<ref>{{cite book |first=M.K. |last=Dhavalikar |chapter=35. Daimabad Bronzes |chapter-url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/121/1218186467.pdf |via=rhinoresourcecenter.com |title=Harappan civilization: a recent perspective |year=1993 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |editor-first=Gregory L. |editor-last=Possehl |isbn=978-81-204-0779-4 |hdl=2027/heb.03098.0001.001}}</ref> Southernmost IVC site in India, Late Harappan Phase
|-
|
|[[Desalpur]] in [[Nakhtrana Taluka]],
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script-bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta<ref name="asi1">{{Cite journal|editor=Ghosh, A.|title=Explorations, and excavations: Gujarat: 19. Excavation at Desalpur (Gunthli), District Kutch |journal=Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review|year=1967|series=Indian Archaeology|issue=1963–64|pages= 10–12|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201963-64%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1985<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Dholavira]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|100px|Water reservoir, Dholavira]]
|Excavated in 1967–1968 by JP Joshi.
Located in the Gujarati district of Kachchh on the banks of the Luni River.
Here are traces of a stadium, a special water management system, and the Harappan inscription.
Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions, wooden "signboard" with Indus characters found in a gatehouse

|-
|
|[[Farmana]]
|[[Rohtak District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India

|-
|
|[[Ganeriwala|Ganweriwala]]
|
|[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Equidistant from both Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, it is near a dry bed of the former Ghaggar River. It is a site of almost the same size as Mahenjo-daro. It may have been the third major centre in the IVC, as it is near the copper-rich mines in Rajasthan

|-
|
|[[Gola Dhoro]]
|[[kutch district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.

|-
|1921<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Harappa]]
|[[Sahiwal District]]
|[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[File:Harappan small figures.jpg|100px|Miniature votive images or toy models from Harappa, ca. 2500. Hand-modeled terra-cotta figurines with polychromy]]
|Excavated in 1921–1923 by Daya Ram Sahni.
Located in Punjab's Montgomery district on the banks of the Ravi River (Pakistan).<ref name=":1"/>
Excavations have been done at Cemetery-37 and Stone Dancing Natraja.
The first town to be thoroughly excavated and examined is a major Indus Valley Civilisation settlement with granaries, coffin burials, and a plethora of artefacts

|-
|
|[[Firoz Shah palace complex#Indus Valley civilization mound|Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace]]
|[[Hisar District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
| Unexcavated site

|-
|
|[[Hulas]]
|[[Saharanpur District]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|Juni Kuran
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263580655 |author=Gaur, A. S. |author2=K. H. Vora |author3=Sundaresh |author4=R. Manimurali |author5=S. Jayakumar |title=Was the Rann of Kachchh navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective |date=2013 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Jognakhera]]
|[[Kurukshetra]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards<ref name=times>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-Valley-site-ravaged-by-floods/articleshow/6153199.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811093449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-11/india/28284466_1_furnaces-site-floods | archive-date=2011-08-11 | first=Vijay | last=Sabharwal | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Indus Valley site ravaged by floods | url-status=live | date=2010-07-11}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Kanjetar and Kaj|Kaj]]
|[[Gir Somnath District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Ceramic artefacts, including bowls. Ancient port.<ref name="Farooqui Gaur Prasad 2013 pp. 2631–2647">{{cite journal | last1=Farooqui | first1=Anjum | last2=Gaur | first2=A.S. | last3=Prasad | first3=Vandana | title=Climate, vegetation and ecology during Harappan period: excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj, mid-Saurashtra coast, Gujarat | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=40 | issue=6 | year=2013 | issn=0305-4403 | doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.005 | pages=2631–2647| bibcode=2013JArSc..40.2631F }}</ref><ref name="Gaur Sundaresh Abhayan Joglekar"/>

|-
|
|[[Kanjetar and Kaj|Kanjetar]]
|[[Gir Somnath District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Single phase Harapppan site<ref name="Farooqui Gaur Prasad 2013 pp. 2631–2647"/><ref name="Gaur Sundaresh Abhayan Joglekar">{{cite web | last=Gaur | first=A.S. | author2=Sundaresh | last3=Abhayan | first3=G.S. | last4=Joglekar | first4=P.P. | title=Excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj on the Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat | website=AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology | url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV2012095098 | access-date=2017-05-28 | archive-date=13 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234339/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV2012095098 }}</ref>

|-
|1953<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Kalibangan]]
|[[Hanumangarh District]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[India]]
|
|Excavated in 1961 by BB Lal.
Located alongside the Ghaggar River. There has been evidence of a ploughed field, a wooden furrow, seven fire altars, camel bones, and two different kinds of burials (rectangular and circular graves).
Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel

|-
|
|[[Karanpura]] near [[Bhadra, Rajasthan|Bhadra]] city
|[[Hanumangarh district]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:Westernmound.jpg|100px|Wesern mound called citadel]]
| Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites <ref name="seals found at Karanpura">{{cite news|url=http://m.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/240/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-194-161415-NOR.html?1722|title=seals found at Karanpura|website=dainik bhaskar Hindi newspaper|access-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923091700/http://m.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/240/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-194-161415-NOR.html?1722|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Khirasara]]
|[[Kutch district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Warehouse, industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards

|-
|
|[[Kerala-no-dhoro]] or Padri
|[[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=221}}

|-
|
|[[Kot Bala]] (also, Balakot)
|[[Lasbela District]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Earliest evidence of [[Industrial furnace|furnace]], seaport

|-
|
|[[Kot Diji]]
|[[Khairpur District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kotada Bhadli]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Fortification bastion few houses foundations<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SHIRVALKAR|first=PRABODH|title=A Preliminary Report of Excavations at Kotada Bhadli, Gujarat: 2010-11|date=2012|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=72/73|pages=55–68|jstor=43610688}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Kunal, Haryana]]
|[[Fatehabad District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Earliest pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=68,80,82,105,113}}

|-
|
|[[Kuntasi]]
|[[Rajkot District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Small port
|-
|
|[[Lakhan-Jo-Daro|Lakhan-jo-daro]]
|[[Sukkur District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Major unexcavated site (greater than 300 hectares)

|-
|1922<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Larkana]]
|[[Larkana District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Loteshwar]]
|[[Patan District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Ancient archaeological site{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=62,74,412}}

|-
|1953<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Lothal]]
|[[Ahmedabad District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG|100px]]
|1931; excavated by NG Majumdar. Excavated in 1931 by NG Majumdar.
Located in Sindh, Pakistan, on the banks of the Indus River.
Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)

|-
|
|[[Manda, Jammu]]
|[[Jammu District]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[India]]
|
|Northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills<ref>India Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archaeological Survey of India.Page 19.</ref>

|-
|
|[[Malwan]]
|[[Surat District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Southernmost Harappan site in India<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=malwan}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Mandi, Uttar Pradesh, India|Mandi]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Mehrgarh]]
|[[Kachi District]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
| [[Pakistan]]
|
|Earliest agricultural community (7000-5000 BC)

|-
|
|[[Mitathal]]
|[[Bhiwani District]]
|[[Haryana]]
| [[India]]
|
|
|-
|1922<ref name=":1"/>
|[[Mohenjo-Daro]]
|[[Larkana District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[File:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|100px]]
|Excavated in 1922 by RD Bannerji.
Located in Sindh's Larkana district on the banks of the Indus River (Pakistan).
The site's unique features are the Assembly Hall, Collegiate Building, and Great Bath.
An excavated artefact includes a piece of woven cotton and the seal of Pashupati Mahadeva, or proto-Shiva.
[[Great Bath]] (the biggest bath ghat), Great granary, Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man, terracotta toys, Bull seal, Pashupati seal, three cylindrical seals of the Mesopotamian type, a piece of woven cloth
|-
|
|Morodharo
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Fortified settlement. Mature and late Harappan phases of civilisation found. Harappan jar shards, burial cairns, boundary stones to mark graves found. Closely resembles Dholavira and has evidence of being an ancient seaport.
|-
|
|Nageshwar
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Shell working site<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/content/nageswara-mature-harappan-shell-working-site-gulf-kutch-gujarat|title=Nageswara: a Mature Harappan Shell Working Site on the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat|website=harappa.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>

|-
|
|Navinal
| [[Kutch district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|India
|
|<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315796119 |last1=Joglekar |first1=Pramod |last2=Gopan |first2=Aswathy |last3=Chase |first3=Brad |last4=Ajithprasad |first4=P |last5=Patel |first5=Ambika |last6=Rawat |first6=Yadubirsingh |last7=Gadekar |first7=Charusmita |last8=Sharma |first8=Bhanu |last9=Kumar |first9=Ajit |last10=Uesugi |first10=Akinori |last11=Gs |first11=Abhayan |last12=Sukumaran |first12=Prabhin |last13=Rajesh |first13=S.V. |title=Fish Otoliths from Navinal, Kachchh, Gujarat: Identification of Taxa and Its Implications |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=4 |date=2016 |pages=218–227 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Nausharo]] near [[Dadhar]]
| [[Kachi District]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|Ongar
|[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pabumath]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.<ref name=asi3>{{cite journal|publisher=Government of India, Archaeological Survey of India|editor-first=Debala|editor-last=Mittra|title=Indian Archaeology 1980-81 A Review|journal=Indian Archaeology 1980-81 a Review|year=1983|page=14|location=Calcutta |url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201980-81%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>

|-
|
|Pathani Damb
|[[Makran]]
|[[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|At 100 hectares, this has the potential to be another city<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/answers/what-have-been-most-interesting-findings-about-harappan-civilization-during-last-two-decades|title=What have been the most interesting findings about the Harappan Civilisation during the last two decades?|website=harappa.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Pir Shah Jurio]]
|[[Karachi]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pirak]]
|[[Sibi]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rakhigarhi]]
|[[Hisar District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Terracotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated

|-
|
|[[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur]]
|[[Ahmedabad District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Seaport

|-
|
|[[Rehman Dheri]]
|[[Dera Ismail Khan]]
|[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rojdi]]
|[[Rajkot District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rupar]]
|[[Rupnagar District]]
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sanauli]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510215204/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref>
|[[Baghpat District]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|Burial site with 125 burials found, copper antenna sword with a hilt and first time chariots were discovered

|-
|
|[[Sheri Khan Tarakai]]
|[[Bannu District]]
|[[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Pottery, lithic artefact

|-
|
|[[Shikarpur, Gujarat]]<ref>Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayyajirao University, Baroda. Excavations at Shikarpur, Gujarat 2008-2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.harappa.com/goladhoro/Shikarpur-2008-2009.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921233909/http://www.harappa.com/goladhoro/Shikarpur-2008-2009.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Food habit details of Harappans

|-
|
|[[Shortugai]]
|[[Darqad District]]
|[[Takhar Province]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Siswal]]
|[[Hisar (district)]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sokhta Koh]]
|[[Makran]]
|[[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Pottery

|-
|
|[[Sothi]] near [[Baraut]]
|[[Bagpat district]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|1964<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Surkotada]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Excavated in 1972 by JP Joshi.
Located between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers.
Here, there is proof of a horse burial, an oval grave, and a pit burial.
Bones of a horse (only site)

|-
|
|[[Sutkagan Dor]]
|[[Makran]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Bangles of clay, westernmost-known site of IVC<ref>{{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary perspective|year=2003|publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7829-291-5|pages=79–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&q=Sutkagan|edition=[3rd printing].}}</ref>

|-
|
| [[Tigrana, Bhiwani|Tigrana]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
| [[Haryana]]
| [[India]]
|
| Houses, pottery, terracotta, seals with script, semi-precious stones, evidence of crop cultivation and anima; domestication.<ref name=tig1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-harappan-period-evidence-found-in-tigdana-of-bhiwani-many-revelations-in-research-jagran-special-22064156.html भिवानी में मिले हड़प्पा काल के साक्ष्य, तिगड़ाना में होती थी खेती, शोध में हुए कई खुलासे, देखें तस्वीरें], Dainik Jargan, 29 September 2021.</ref>

|-
|
|[[Vejalka]]
|[[Botad district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Pottery

|}

==Context of IVC sites and cultures ==

Wider context of the IVC includes the following:

* [[Meluhha]]
** [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]]
** [[Meluhha#Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians|Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians]]
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]
** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to [[Neolithic]] and Early-Harappan phases
** [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Early-Harappan Phase

== See also ==

*[[Timeline of Pakistani history]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[List of archaeological sites by country]]
* [[World Heritage Sites by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |first=Jane R. |last=McIntosh |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC }}

[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:India history-related lists|Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Sindh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan]]

List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites - Revision history

MayraBarnett41 at 16:04, 18 February 2026