RayfordFvx at 20:41, 22 September 2024

2024-09-22T20:41:50Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Bridges in Srinagar, Jhelum R.png|thumb|260x260px|Bridges across the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] in Srinagar city. Seven in green represent the old ''kadals''. Brown are the newer bridges.]]
The city of [[Srinagar]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]], originally had seven wooden bridges across the [[Jhelum River]]. The seven bridges {{Em dash}} Amira, Habba, Fateh, Zaina, Aali, Nawa and Safa {{Em dash}} were constructed between the 15th and 18th century. This number remained unchanged for at least five centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sufi|first=G. M. D.|title=Kashmir A History of Kashmir|publisher=University of Panjab|year=1949|volume=2|pages=521–522|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the [[Kashmiri language]], these bridges are known as ''kadals''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue8LAAAAIAAJ|title=The Valley of Kashmír|date=1895|publisher=H. Frowde|language=en}}</ref> Localities around them have been eponymously named.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tiku|first=Deepak|date=October–December 2012|title=Picturesque Bridges of Srinagar|journal=Miraas|volume=5|issue=4|pages=28–|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

The old seven bridges are of similar construction and made of ''[[Cedrus deodara]]''. Apart from heavy rocks used to add weight to the foundation, the entire bridge was made of wood.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1201/mode/2up?q=kadal|title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|year=1890|location=Calcutta|pages=411, 775|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> A number of passages allow for the flow of water making them considerably strong against water level and flow changes.<ref name=":8" /> They have been reconstructed a number of times.<ref name=":8" /> In 1841, bridges 3 to 7 were washed away.<ref name=":7" /> In 1893, bridges 2 to 7 were washed away.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Doughty|first=Marion|url=http://archive.org/details/afootthroughkas01douggoog|title=Afoot Through the Kashmir Valleys|date=1901|publisher=Sands & company|others=Harvard University|pages=168|language=English}}</ref>

== Bridges across the Jhelum ==
[[File:342 of 'Journals kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal. Edited, with introductions, by ... R. C. Temple ... With maps and illustrations' (11189359016).jpg|thumb|1887, numbers 1 to 25 represent bridges]]
[[File:Samuel_Bourne_-_Bridge_of_Shops,_Srinagar,_Kashmir_-_1994.185_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif|thumb|180x180px|Habba, 1864]]
[[File:Bridge_in_Srinagar_(c._1880s).JPG|thumb|180x180px|Fateh, {{circa}}1880s]]
[[File:Zero_bridge.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Zero, 2016]]
[[File:View_of_Footbridge.JPG|thumb|180x180px|Lal Mandi, 2016]]
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope=col |Name
! scope=col |Year
! scope=col |Length
! scope=col |Breadth
! scope=col class = unsortable|Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#D3D3D3;"|The original seven
|-
! scope="row"|[[Amira Kadal]]
|1773<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Pandit Anand|url=https://archive.org/details/GeographyOfTheJammuAndKashmirState/page/n97/mode/2up?q=kadal|title=Geography Of The Jammu And Kashmir State|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company|year=1925|location=Calcutta|pages=82, 103}}</ref>
|{{Convert|122|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The first bridge;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Firdous|first=Saba|date=2012-09-07|title=The historical connectors|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/the-historical-connectors/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://thekashmirwalla.com/the-historical-connectors/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=usurped|access-date=2022-02-14|website=The Kashmir Walla}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Achakzai|first=Khawar Khan|date=2021-04-25|title=Kadal Nama: A brief history of historical connectors|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/04/25/kadal-nama-a-brief-history-of-historical-connectors/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/04/25/kadal-nama-a-brief-history-of-historical-connectors/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|publisher=Free Press Kashmir}}{{cbignore}}</ref> was renamed Pratap Kadal on reconstruction but the old name continues to be used.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Sufi|first=G. M. D.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280747/page/n341/mode/2up?q=kadal|title=Kashir, Being a History of Kashmir|date=1948|volume=1|language=en|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Alternately spelt Amiri,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Temple|first=Sir Richard Carnac|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWsd4djVZ4AC&dq=bridges+kadal+srinagar&pg=PA290|title=Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal|date=1887|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company|language=en}}</ref> Amiran,<ref name=":3" /> Ameeri.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Wakefield|first=W|title=The Happy Valley: Sketches of Kashmir & the Kashmiris|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Rivington|year=1879|location=London}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Habba Kadal]]
|1550<ref name=":7" />
|{{Convert|88|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|24|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The second bridge; a row of shops ran along the edges.<ref name=":6" /> Has also been spelt as Hubba.<ref name=":2" /> The [[New Habba Kadal]] bridge is a few meters off.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-16|title=In Kashmir seven Historic bridges losing sheen gradually|url=https://groundreport.in/in-kashmir-seven-historic-bridges-losing-sheen-gradually/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://groundreport.in/in-kashmir-seven-historic-bridges-losing-sheen-gradually/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Ground Report}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Fateh Kadal]]
|1499<ref name=":7" />
|{{Convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The third bridge;<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> also spelt Fatteh,<ref name=":2" /> Fati.<ref name=":6" />
|-
! scope="row"|[[Zaina Kadal]]
|1426<ref name=":7" />
|{{Convert|87|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|24|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The fourth bridge;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rasool|first=Jamsheed|date=14 March 2015|title=City of Seven Bridges-II|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/city-of-seven-bridges-ii |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/city-of-seven-bridges-ii |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Greater Kashmir}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Aali Kadal]]
|1417<ref name=":7" />
|{{Convert|74|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The fifth bridge; alternate date of construction 1415.<ref name=":0" /> Other spellings that have been used include Haili<ref name=":2" /> and Alli.<ref name=":6" />
|-
! scope="row"|[[Nawa Kadal]]
|1666<ref name=":7" />
|{{Convert|68|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|18|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The sixth bridge; rebuilt in 1953.<ref name=":0" /> Also spelt Naya.<ref name=":2" />
|-
! scope="row"|[[Safa Kadal]]
|1670<ref name=":7" />
|{{Convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|{{Convert|19|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=":8" />
|The seventh bridge; alternately built in 1664.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pirie|first=H R|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80149|title=Kashmir The Land Of Streams And Solitudes|date=1890|publisher=John Lane|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Alternate spellings used Saffa,<ref name=":2" /> Safr,<ref name=":3" /> Suffa.<ref name=":6" />
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#D3D3D3;"|Newer bridges
|-
! scope="row" |[[Zero Bridge]]
|1950s
|{{Convert|160|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2012|others=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Kashmir's iconic Zero Bridge dismantled|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/kashmirs-iconic-zero-bridge-dismantled-474981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217101435/http://www.ndtv.com/cities/kashmirs-iconic-zero-bridge-dismantled-474981 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-15|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Raafi|first=Muhammad|date=2016-05-10|title=0 Bridge 2.0|url=https://kashmirlife.net/0-bridge-2-0issue-no-08-vol-08-104892/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511132826/http://www.kashmirlife.net/0-bridge-2-0issue-no-08-vol-08-104892/ |archive-date=11 May 2016 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Kashmir Life}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Abdullah Bridge]]
|1990s
|{{Convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|14|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Lal Mandi Footbridge]]
|2005<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=District Census Handbook, Srinagar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121205634/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2017 |url-status=live|website=Directorate of Census Operations, Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref>
|{{Convert|125|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hassan|first=Sameer Ul|date=14 March 2015|title=Lal Mandi Footbridge|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/lal-mandi-footbridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215160327/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/lal-mandi-footbridge |archive-date=15 February 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Budshah Bridge]]
|1957
|{{Convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Also known as Alamgir bridge.
|-
! scope="row"|[[New Habba Kadal]]
|2001
|{{Convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|
|-
! scope="row"|New Fateh Kadal
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|New Zaina Kadal
|
|
|
|
|}
{{Clear}}

== Other bridges ==
[[File:Srinagar city and Jhelum R, kuls and bridges sketch (complete labels).png|thumb|Jhelum with Chonth Kul, Keth Kul, Sunnar Kul. [[Nallah Mar]] was filled in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irfan|first=Shams|date=2011-03-14|title=A stream buried|url=https://kashmirlife.net/a-stream-buried-1281/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111539/http://www.kashmirlife.net/a-stream-buried-1281/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Kashmir Life}}</ref>|240x240px]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of Canal / Drain
!Bridges
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;"|Former
|-
|[[Nallah Mar]] (Mar Canal, Mar Kol, Nahari Mar)
|Rajwir/ Rajauri.<ref name=":5" /> Naopura, Naid, Bhuri, Sraf, Kadi, Razawar, Khwadar, Gao, Duma, Pucha.<ref name=":2" />
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;"|Existing
|-
|[[Kutte Kol]] (Keth Kul, Kutte Kul, Kutekul, Tsueth Kol, Katha Kul)
|Tankipora, Kanni, Zaladager, Nawa Bazar, Shah/ Watal.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Maps|url=https://www.smcsrinagar.in/frmMaps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220095044/https://www.smcsrinagar.in/frmMaps|archive-date=20 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-20|website=|publisher=Official Website of Srinagar Municipal Corporation}}</ref> Tainki, Darash, Chutsa, Kanhayya, Bozagar, Watal.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Tsoont Kol]] (Chonth Kul, Tsoont Kol)
|Sonawar/ Aziz, MA, Fakhr-e-Kashmir/ Mirza Afzal Beigh, Barbar Shah, Gaw.<ref name=":9" /> Gao, Rainawari, Naidyar.<ref name=":2" /> Githa
|-
|Sunnar Kul (Soner Kol)
|Shah Mohalla Footbridge, Darish, Chatta Bal, Syed Mansoor.<ref name=":9" />
|}

=== Oont Kadal ===
Oont Kadal (camel bridge) is a 17th century structure located on the Dal Lake. It was restored with Germany's assistance in 2018-2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Prasanth|date=2021-04-17|title=Kashmir's Mughal-era camelback-shaped bridge restored to its glory|url=https://thefederal.com/states/north/jammu-and-kashmir/kashmirs-mughal-era-camelback-shaped-bridge-restored-to-its-glory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417012154/https://thefederal.com/states/north/jammu-and-kashmir/kashmirs-mughal-era-camelback-shaped-bridge-restored-to-its-glory/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2018|agency=PTI|title=J&K: 17th century Oonth Kadal to get fresh lease of life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-17th-century-oonth-kadal-to-get-fresh-lease-of-life/articleshow/66032214.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-17th-century-oonth-kadal-to-get-fresh-lease-of-life/articleshow/66032214.cms |archive-date=9 November 2020 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref>{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
;Books
* {{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Khalid Bashir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuMPHAAACAAJ|title=Jhelum, the River Through My Backyard|date=2001|publisher=Bookman Publishers|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Knowles|first=J.H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_MIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bridges+of+india+kashmir+kadal&pg=PA258|title=A dictionary of Kashmiri proverbs|date=1885|publisher=Education Society's Press|location=Calcutta|language=en}}

;Papers
* {{Cite journal|last=Tiku|first=Neerja|date=April–June 1997|title=Architecture of the Jhelum Waterfront - Srinagar. Image and Impressions|url=http://www.himalayanresearch.org/pdf/vol1%20n1%20final.pdf|journal=Himalayan and Central Asian Studies|volume=1|issue=1}}
* {{Citation|last=Rashid|first=Waseem|title=Bridges of Medieval Kashmir; An outline historical study based on construction and architectural work|publication-place=Academia.edu}}
* {{Cite web|last=Mushtaq|first=Mariyeh|date=2020-11-11|title=Conflict, Space, and Public Architecture: Tracing Transformations of Loss through Bridges in Kashmir|url=https://zanaanwanaan.com/issues/conflict-space-public-architecture-tracing-transformations-of-loss-through-bridges-in-kashmir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111144156/https://zanaanwanaan.com/issues/conflict-space-public-architecture-tracing-transformations-of-loss-through-bridges-in-kashmir/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |url-status=live|website=[[Zanaan Wanaan]]}}

;Articles
* {{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Zahoor A.|date=1995|title=The Canals of Pre-Modern Kashmir|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158631|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=56|pages=287–292|jstor=44158631|issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite web|last=Gul|first=Owais|date=16 February 2021|title=Srinagar— Historic seven bridges losing sheen gradually|url=https://kashmirconvener.com/2021/02/16/srinagar-historic-seven-bridges-losing-sheen-gradually/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://kashmirconvener.com/2021/02/16/srinagar-historic-seven-bridges-losing-sheen-gradually/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=Kashmir Convener}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-15|title=Srinagar — Historic seven bridges losing sheen gradually|url=https://kashmir.today/srinagar-historic-seven-bridges-losing-sheen-gradually/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215155429/https://kashmir.today/srinagar-historic-seven-bridges-losing-sheen-gradually/ |archive-date=15 February 2021 |url-status=live|website=Kashmir.Today}}
* {{Cite web|last=Noor|first=Shabir Ibn|date=31 May 2020|title=Nallah Mar, a stream that once was|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2020/05/31/nallah-mar-a-stream-that-once-was/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914045525/https://thekashmirimages.com/2020/05/31/nallah-mar-a-stream-that-once-was/ |archive-date=14 September 2020 |url-status=live|website=Kashmir Images}}
* {{Cite web|last=Majid|first=Zulfikar|date=2017-12-02|title=Breathing life into old water transport project in Valley|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/646017/breathing-life-old-water-transport.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214195026/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/646017/breathing-life-old-water-transport.html |archive-date=14 December 2017 |url-status=live|website=Deccan Herald}}
* {{Cite news|last=Hussain|first=Yawar|date=18 April 2018|title=Kashmir's Pittsburgh: Srinagar - The City of Bridges|work=Rising Kashmir|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/kashmirs-pittsburgh--srinagar---the-city-of-bridges-323856.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914015547/http://risingkashmir.com:80/news/kashmirs-pittsburgh--srinagar---the-city-of-bridges-323856.html|archive-date=14 September 2019}}
* {{Cite web|last=Byerly|first=Rebecca|date=2010-06-09|title="Venice of Asia" Canals Disappearing|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100609-kashmir-houseboats-himalayan-glaciers-water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216151023/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100609-kashmir-houseboats-himalayan-glaciers-water |archive-date=16 February 2022 |url-status=dead|website=Science|publisher=National Geographic}}
* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-10-21|title=Bridges in Srinagar being facade lighted to enhance their appearance|url=https://kashmirlife.net/bridges-in-srinagar-being-facade-lighted-to-enhance-their-appearance-217946/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021234447/https://kashmirlife.net/bridges-in-srinagar-being-facade-lighted-to-enhance-their-appearance-217946/ |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=live|website=Kashmir Life}}
* {{Cite web|last=Bukhtiyar|first=Idrees|date=2022-01-31|title=Towards Glorious Past: These Six Heritage Sites Will Soon Welcome Tourists In Kashmir|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/heritage-sites-to-bring-more-tourism-in-kashmir-560731.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131121212/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/heritage-sites-to-bring-more-tourism-in-kashmir-560731.html |archive-date=31 January 2022 |url-status=live|website=IndiaTimes}}
* {{Cite web|last=Bashir|first=Saif Ullah|date=2019-12-22|title=Residents demand reopening of old Habba Kadal bridge|url=https://kashmirlife.net/residents-demand-reopening-of-old-habba-kadal-bridge-220872/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203144223/https://kashmirlife.net/residents-demand-reopening-of-old-habba-kadal-bridge-220872/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live|website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}
* {{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Bhavneet|date=2017-06-20|title='Farooq broke his fast with a bullet': Ramzan massacre on Fateh Kadal bridge|url=https://www.wandemag.com/ramzan-massacre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623211855/http://www.wandemag.com/ramzan-massacre |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live|website=Wande Magazine}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons-inline}}
{{Bridges of Srinagar}}

[[Category:Bridges in Srinagar|*]]

List of bridges in Srinagar - Revision history

RayfordFvx at 20:41, 22 September 2024