https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Lotus_TempleLotus Temple - Revision history2026-07-30T13:24:44ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Lotus_Temple&diff=380021&oldid=prevWikiDwarf at 13:24, 28 February 20232023-02-28T13:24:31Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Baháʼí House of Worship in New Delhi, India, dedicated in December 1986}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Lotus Temple (Baháʼí House of Worship)<br />
<br />
| image = File:LotusDelhi.jpg<br />
| caption = Full view of the Lotus Temple<br />
| building_type = House of Worship<br />
| architectural_style = [[Expressionist architecture|Expressionist]]<br />
| structural_system = Concrete frame and precast concrete ribbed roof<br />
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| map_type = India New Delhi<br />
| map_caption = Location within New Delhi<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.553328|N|77.258456|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| completion_date = {{start date and age|13 November 1986}}<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|24 December 1986}}<br />
| capacity = 2,500<br />
| diameter = {{convert|70|m}}<br />
| height = {{convert|34.27|m}}<br />
| main_contractors = <br />
| architect = [[Fariborz Sahba]]<br />
| structural_engineer = [[Flint & Neill]] <br />
[[COWI]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Lotus Temple''', located in [[Delhi]], [[India]], is a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] that was dedicated in December 1986. Notable for its [[Lotus flower|lotus like]] shape, it has become a [[Tourism in India|prominent attraction]] in the city. Like all Bahá’í Houses of Worship, the Lotus Temple is open to all, regardless of religion or any other qualification. The building is composed of 27 free-standing marble-clad "petals" arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides,{{sfn|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|2003}} with nine doors opening onto a central hall with a height of slightly over 34 meters{{sfn|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|2003}} and a capacity of 1,300 people.{{sfn|Galloway|2016}} The Lotus Temple has won numerous architectural awards{{sfn|Garlington|2006}}{{sfn|Rizor|2011}} and has been featured in many newspaper and magazine articles.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The architect of the Lotus Temple was an [[Iran]]ian, [[Fariborz Sahba]] who now lives in [[La Jolla]], California,{{sfn|Mackin-Solomon|2013}} after living some years in [[Canada]].{{sfn|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Canada|2003}} He was approached in 1976 to design the Lotus Temple and later oversaw its construction. The structural design was undertaken by the UK firm [[Flint and Neill]] over the course of 18 months,{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}} and the construction was done by ECC Construction Group of [[Larsen & Toubro]] Limited{{sfn|Naharoy|2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2022}} at a cost of $10 million.{{sfn|Warburg|1993}}{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=241}} The major part of the funds needed to buy this land was donated by Ardishír Rustampúr of [[Hyderabad, Sindh]] ([[Pakistan]]), whose will dictated that his entire life savings would go to this purpose.{{sfn|Faizi|1993}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}} A portion of the construction budget was saved and used to build a greenhouse to study indigenous plants and flowers that would be appropriate for use on the site.{{sfn|Recreating Eden|2006}}<br />
<br />
[[Rúhíyyih Khánum]] laid the foundation stone for the Lotus Temple on 19 October 1977 and dedicated the temple on 24 December 1986.{{sfn|Momen|2010}} For the dedication, there was a gathering of 8,000 Baháʼís from 107 countries, including some 4,000 Baháʼís from 22 provinces in India. The temple was opened to the public on 1 January 1987 and more than 10,000 people visited that day.{{sfn|Satpathy|2019}}<br />
<br />
==Worship==<br />
The [[Baháʼí Faith]] teaches that a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] should be a space for people of all religions to gather, reflect, and worship.{{sfn|Rafati|Sahba|1988}} Anyone may enter the Lotus Temple irrespective of religious background, gender, or other distinctions, as is the case with all Baháʼí Houses of Worship.{{sfn|Rafati|Sahba|1988}} The [[Religious texts|sacred writings]] of not only the Baháʼí Faith but also other religions can be read and/or chanted, regardless of language;{{sfn|Rafati|Sahba|1988}} on the other hand, reading nonscriptural texts is forbidden, as are delivering sermons or lectures, or fundraising. Musical renditions of readings and [[prayer]]s can be sung by choirs, but no musical instruments can be played inside. There is no set pattern for worship services, and ritualistic ceremonies are not permitted.{{sfn|Rafati|Sahba|1988}}<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
{{Stack|clear=true|<br />
[[File:Interior of Lotus temple.jpg|thumb|250px|Interior view]]<br />
[[File:Lotus Temple - Delhi, various views (3).JPG|thumb|250px|Interior view of the symbol of the [[Baháʼí symbols#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]], set at the top of the temple]]<br />
}}<br />
All Baháʼí Houses of Worship, including the Lotus Temple, share certain architectural elements, some of which are specified by Baháʼí scripture. [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], the son of the founder of the religion, wrote that Baháʼí Houses of Worship must be nine-sided and circular.{{sfn|Rafati|Sahba|1988}} While all current Baháʼí Houses of Worship have a dome, this is not regarded as an essential part of their architecture.{{sfn|Momen|2010}} Baháʼí scripture also states that no pictures, statues or images be displayed within the House of Worship and no pulpits or altars be incorporated as an architectural feature (readers may stand behind simple portable lecture stands).{{sfn|Rafati|Sahba|1988}}<br />
<br />
Inspired by the [[Sacred lotus|lotus flower]], the design for the House of Worship in New Delhi is composed of 27 free-standing marble-clad "petals" arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides.{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} The temple's shape has symbolic and inter-religious significance because the lotus is often associated with purity, sacredness, spirituality and knowledge. It has a spiritual significance in India.{{sfn|Garlington|2006}} The nine doors of the Lotus Temple open onto a central hall 34.3 meters tall{{sfn|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|2003}} that can seat 1,300 people{{sfn|Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO|2014}} and hold up to 2,500 in all.{{sfn|Galloway|2016}} The temple has a diameter of 70&nbsp;m.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=488}} The surface of the House of Worship is made of white marble from [[Penteliko Mountain|Penteli mountain]] in [[Greece]], the same marble used in the construction of many ancient monuments (including the [[Parthenon]]{{sfn|Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO|2014}}) and other Baháʼí buildings.{{sfn|Dionyssos Marbles|2010}} Along with its nine surrounding ponds and gardens, the Lotus Temple property comprises 26 acres (105,000 m<sup>2</sup>; 10.5 ha).{{sfn|Rizor|2011}} An educational centre beside the temple was established in 2017.{{sfn|Pearson|2022}}<br />
<br />
The Lotus Temple is situated near [[Okhla NSIC metro station|Okhla NSIC]] and [[Kalkaji Mandir metro station]] is just 500 meters away.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} It is in the village of Bahapur in [[New Delhi]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], near [[Nehru Place]].{{sfn|Buck|2010}}<br />
<br />
Of the temple's total electricity use of 500 kilowatts (kW), 120&nbsp;kW is provided by solar power generated by solar panels on the building.{{sfn|The Hindu|2015}} This saves the temple ₹120,000 per month.{{sfn|The Hindu|2015}} It is the first temple in Delhi to use solar power.{{sfn|Sharma|2015}}<br />
<br />
As is the case with other stone monuments such as the [[Taj Mahal]], the Lotus Temple is becoming discoloured due to [[air pollution in India]]. Specifically, the white marble is turning grey and yellow due to pollution from vehicles and manufacturing in the city, among other sources.{{sfn|Kaur|2022}}<br />
<br />
==Visitors==<br />
By late 2001, The Lotus Temple had attracted more than 70 million visitors, according to Manpreet Brar, a CNN reporter.{{sfn|Brar|2001}} The permanent delegation of India to [[UNESCO]] stated that the Lotus Temple had received over 100 million visitors by April 2014.{{sfn|Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO|2014}}<br />
<br />
The Lotus Temple has become a major attraction for people of various religions, with up to 100,000 visitors on some holidays.{{sfn|Garlington|2006}} Estimates for the number of visitors annually range from 2.5&nbsp;million to 5&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Garlington|2006}}{{sfn|Hassall|2012}}{{sfn|Pearson|2022}} Brar stated in 2001 that it was the "most visited building in the world".{{sfn|Brar|2001}} The Lotus Temple is often listed as one of Delhi's main tourist attractions.{{sfn|Hassall|2012}}<br />
<br />
==Distinctions==<br />
{{Unreliable sources section|date=October 2022}}<br />
[[File:Lovely Lotus temple.jpg|thumb|One of the nine ponds surrounding the Lotus Temple]]<br />
The Temple has received a wide range of attention in professional architectural, fine art, religious, governmental, and other venues.<br />
<br />
===Awards===<br />
*1987, the architect of the Baháʼí House of Worship, Fariborz Sahba, was presented the award for excellence in religious art and architecture by the UK-based [[Institution of Structural Engineers]] for producing a building "so emulating the beauty of a flower and so striking in its visual impact".{{sfn|Sarwal|n.d.}}<br />
<!-- * 1987 [[Interfaith Forum for Religious Art and Architecture|IFRAA]] Art and Architectural Design Awards{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} saw this mentioned somewhere but it's not specific--><br />
*1987, the Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture, Affiliate of the American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C., gave their First Honour award for "Excellence in Religious Art and Architecture" 1987 to Fariborz Sahba for the design of the Baháʼí House of Worship near New Delhi.{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}<br />
*1988, the [[Illuminating Engineering Society of North America]] conferred the Paul Waterbury Special Citation for Outdoor Lighting for the "Taj Mahal of the Twentieth Century"{{sfn|Buck|2010}}<br />
*1989, the Temple received an award from the Maharashtra-India Chapter of the [[American Concrete Institute]] for "excellence in a concrete structure".{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}<br />
*1994 edition of ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', in its "Architecture" section gives recognition to the Temple as an outstanding achievement of the time.{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}<br />
*2000, Architectural Society of China as one of 100 canonical works of the 20th century{{sfn|Hassall|2012}} in "World Architecture 1900-2000: A Critical Mosaic, Volume Eight, South Asia".{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}}<br />
*2000, GlobArt Academy, based in [[Vienna, Austria]], presented its "GlobArt Academy 2000" award to the architect of the Lotus Temple, Fariborz Sahba, for "the magnitude of the service of [this] Taj Mahal of the 20th century in promoting the unity and harmony of people of all nations, religions and social strata, to an extent unsurpassed by any other architectural monument worldwide."{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}}{{sfn|Hassall|2012}}<br />
<br />
===Publications===<br />
{{Stack|clear=true|<br />
[[File:Lotus Temple, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|250px|Gardens at the Baháʼí House of Worship]]<br />
[[File:Lotus-Temple-Information-Centre.JPG|thumb|250px|Information centre at the Baháʼí House of Worship]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Articles====<br />
By 2003, the Baháʼí World Centre Library had archived more than 500 publications which carried information on the Lotus Temple in the form of articles, interviews with the architect and write-ups extolling the structure.{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}} The following are major examples of publications featuring articles on the temple listed chronologically, and excerpted quotations:<br />
* [[Progressive architecture award|''Progressive Architecture'']], February 1987{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}} and December 1987<br />
* ''[[Architecture (magazine)|Architecture]]'', September 1987{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}<br />
* ''Structural Engineer'' (annual UK journal), December 1987{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}<br />
* ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', 1989{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}<br />
* ''World Architecture: A Critical Mosaic 1900-2000'', by [[Kenneth Frampton]], Vol 8, 2000{{sfn|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|n.d.}} - "A power icon of great beauty ... an import symbol of the city."<br />
* ''Actualité des Religions'' ([[France|French]] magazine), Fall 2000 special edition entitled "Les religions et leurs chef-d'œuvres" (Religions and their Masterpieces), four-page article{{sfn|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}{{sfn|The Architecture of Fariborz Sahba|n.d.|ps=. Click "Publications".}}<br />
* ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', 2001{{sfn|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|n.d.}}<br />
* ''[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper*]]'', October 2002<br />
* [[Architectural lighting design#Design media|''Lighting Design + Application'']] Vol 19, No. 6, [[Illuminating Engineering Society of North America]] - "Taj Mahal of the Twentieth Century"<br />
* ''Faith & Form'' (journal of the Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture, an affiliate of the [[American Institute of Architects]]), Vol XXI - "An extraordinary feat of design, construction, and appropriateness of expressions"<br />
* [[BBC|BBC Travel]], 2016, [http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151231-the-worlds-most-beautiful-places-of-worship The world's most beautiful places of worship]<br />
<br />
====Books====<br />
* ''Forever in Bloom: The Lotus of Bahapur'', photographs by [[Raghu Rai]] and text by Roger White, Time Books International, 1992{{sfn|The Architecture of Fariborz Sahba|n.d.|ps=. Click "Publications".}}<br />
* ''The Dawning Place of the Remembrance of God'', Thomas Press, 2002{{sfn|The Architecture of Fariborz Sahba|n.d.|ps=. Click "Publications".}}<br />
<br />
==Arrests==<br />
In 2006, some former employees of the Lotus Temple made a complaint to the police that the trustees of the temple had been involved in various crimes including spying, religious conversion and producing false passports. The trial judge directed the police to arrest nine specific trustees, but the [[Delhi High Court]] later stayed the arrests.{{sfn|webindia123.com|2006}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2006}}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:New Delhi Lotus.jpg|The Baháʼí House of Worship in Delhi at night<br />
File:Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg|People outside the Lotus Temple<br />
File:104-Lotus-Temple-Information-Centre.JPG|Model of the temple at the information centre<br />
File:Lotus temple Delhi.jpg|Full view of the Lotus Temple<br />
File:Lotus-temple-garden-2.JPG|The Lotus Temple with trees in front<br />
File:101-Lotus-Temple-Information-Centre.JPG|Some of the displays about the Baháʼí teaching of the [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion|unity of religion]] at the entrance of the information centre<br />
File:New delhi temple.jpg|Greenery in front of the temple<br />
File:Lotus-Temple-Sunset-01.JPG|The Lotus Temple at sunset<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Delhi)]]<br />
*[[Baháʼí Faith in India]]<br />
*[[Baháʼí World Centre buildings]]<br />
*[[Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br />
*Other modern structures with similar designs:<br />
**[[Auditorio de Tenerife]]<br />
**[[Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia]]<br />
**[[Pakistan Monument]]<br />
**[[Sydney Opera House]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Books===<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Faizi |first=Gloria |year=1993 |title=Stories about Baháʼí Funds |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-85091-76-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Garlington |first=William |date=2006 |chapter=Indian Baha'i tradition |title=Religions of South Asia |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene R. |isbn=0415223903 |pages=247–260 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}<br />
*{{cite book |author-last=Hassall |author-first=Graham |year=2012 |chapter=The Bahá’í House of Worship: Localisation and Universal Form |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carol |editor2-last=Norman |editor2-first=Alex |title=Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=4 |doi=10.1163/9789004226487_025 |pages=599–632 |isbn=978-90-04-22187-1 |issn=1874-6691}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Anne M. |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 49: South Asia |pp=603–613 |title=The World of the Bahá’í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman |doi=10.4324/9780429027772-56}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Warburg|first=Margit|title=Citizens of the World: A History and Sociology of the Bahaʹis from a Globalisation Perspective|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-14373-9|language=en}}<br />
{{refend|2}}<br />
<br />
===Encyclopedias===<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |year=2010 |article=Temples—Baha’i Faith |first=Christopher|last=Buck |article-url=https://bahai-library.com/buck_religions_bahai_temples |volume=6 |pages=2817–2821 |editor1-last=Melton |editor1-first=J. Gordon |editor1-link=J. Gordon Melton |editor2-last=Baumann |editor2-first=Martin |access-date=1 December 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=online |year=2010 |article=Mašreq al-Aḏkār |first=Moojan |last=Momen |author-link=Moojan Momen |article-url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mashreq-adkar}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Rafati |first1=V. |last2=Sahba |first2=F. |author2-link=Fariborz Sahba |date=1988 |title=BAHAISM ix. Bahai Temples |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-ix |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=3 |pages=465–467 |location=New York |edition=Online |access-date=24 December 2016}}<br />
*{{cite book |author-last=Smith |author-first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |year=2000|title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Oneworld Publications, Oxford, England|isbn=1-85168-184-1}}<br />
{{refend|2}}<br />
<br />
===News media===<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
*{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Baha'i Temple in India continues to receive awards and recognitions |date=5 December 2000 |url=http://news.bahai.org/story/89 |publisher=Baháʼí World News Service |access-date=21 December 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Baháʼí World News Service|2000}} }}<br />
*{{cite news|last=Brar|first=Manpreet|date=14 July 2001|title=Encore Presentation: A Visit to the Capital of India: New Delhi|newspaper=CNN|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0107/14/i_hs.00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429010236/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0107/14/i_hs.00.html|archive-date=29 April 2019|access-date=12 October 2022}}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=Lindsey |title=The world's most beautiful places of worship |date=3 January 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151231-the-worlds-most-beautiful-places-of-worship |website=BBC Travel |publisher=BBC|access-date=18 June 2016}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Mackin-Solomon |first1=Ashley |title=Iranian architect living in La Jolla devoted to creating ‘spiritual space’ |url=https://www.lajollalight.com/sdljl-iranian-architect-living-in-la-jolla-devoted-to-2013jan23-story.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |agency=La Jolla Light |date=23 January 2013}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Sarwal |first1=Anil |title=An Architectural Marvel |url=http://www.bahai.in/bahai-house-of-worship/stories-articles/an-architectural-marvel.html |location=Chandigarh |work=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928014923/http://www.bahai.in/bahai-house-of-worship/stories-articles/an-architectural-marvel.html |archive-date=28 September 2008 |access-date=25 April 2016 |via=Baha'is of India |ref={{sfnref|Sarwal|n.d.}} }}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Satpathy |first1=Kriti Saraswat |title=5 Interesting Facts About Bahai Lotus Temple in Delhi That You Must Know! |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/5-interesting-facts-about-the-bahai-lotus-temple-in-delhi-that-you-must-know-3232502/ |website=India.com |access-date=9 March 2021 |date=18 December 2019}}<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sameer |title=Baha'i House of Worship -Lotus Temple is on Solar Energy now |url=http://ohindore.com/indore-latest/bahai-house-of-worship-lotus-temple-is-on-solar-energy-now/|access-date=18 June 2016 |agency=Ohindore.com |date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530210839/http://ohindore.com/indore-latest/bahai-house-of-worship-lotus-temple-is-on-solar-energy-now/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{cite news |title=High Court stays arrest of Lotus temple trustees |newspaper=The Hindu |orig-year= 19 August 2006 |date=22 March 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/high-court-stays-arrest-of-lotus-temple-trustees/article3092632.ece | access-date =22 September 2017 |ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2006}} }}<br />
*{{cite news |author=Staff reporter |title=Solar power for Lotus temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/solar-power-for-lotus-temple/article7782217.ece |access-date=13 October 2022 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 October 2015 |ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2015}} }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=HC stays arrest of Lotus temple trustees |newspaper=webindia123.com |date=18 August 2006 |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060818/425696.html |access-date =22 September 2017 |ref={{sfnref|webindia123.com|2006}} }}<br />
*{{cite news |title=Historical Places in Delhi |date=10 November 2022 |url=https://www.hoborover.com/historical-places-in-delhi-historical-places/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |ref={{sfnref|Hoborover.com|2022}} }}<br />
{{refend|2}}<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://bahaihouseofworship.in/architecture |title=Architecture of the Baháʼí House of Worship |date=2020 |publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India | access-date =14 December 2020 | ref={{sfnRef|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|2003}}}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://www.uga.edu/bahai/india.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160507195820/http://bahai.uga.edu/india.html |title=Baháʼí Houses of Worship, India: The Lotus of Bahapur |date=9 February 2003 |publisher=Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia | archive-date = 7 May 2016 | access-date = 12 April 2016 | ref={{sfnRef|Baháʼí Association at The University of Georgia|2003}}}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Bibliography of Publications |url=http://www.bahai.in/bahai-house-of-worship/information-for-visitors/bibliography-of-publications.html |website=Baháʼí Faith: The Official Website of the Baháʼís of India |publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002850/http://www.bahai.in/bahai-house-of-worship/information-for-visitors/bibliography-of-publications.html|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead|ref={{sfnRef|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India|n.d.}}}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Fariborz Sahba |publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Canada |date=2003 |url=http://www.ca.bahai.org/main.cfm?sid=79 | access-date = 19 January 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20041027083902/http://www.ca.bahai.org/main.cfm?SID=79 | archive-date = 27 October 2004 |ref={{sfnRef|National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Canada|2003}}}}<br />
*{{cite journal|last=Kaur|first=Pushpinder|title=Legal Regime for the Protection of Heritage Stone Monuments in India: a Study with Special Reference to Taj Mahal and Lotus Temple|journal=Geoheritage|date=2022|volume=14|pages=87|doi=10.1007/s12371-022-00721-9}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Naharoy |first=S. |title=The Baha'i House of Worship |journal=ECC Concord |pages=3–4 |publisher=Cerena de Souza |date=3 September 2011 |edition=Special Edition, Lotus in Concrete (v2, reprint) |url=https://www.lntecc.com/homepage/resources/brochures/BuildingsFactories/CommercialBuildingsAirports/LotusConcrete.pdf | access-date = 6 June 2014}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Penteli marbles for Bahai temples |publisher=Dionyssos Marbles |year=2010 |url=http://www.dionyssomarble.gr/Projects.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726080145/http://www.dionyssomarble.gr/Projects.aspx |archive-date=26 July 2010 |ref={{sfnRef|Dionyssos Marbles|2010}}}}<br />
*{{cite web |author=Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO |date=15 April 2014 |title=Baháʼí House of Worship at New Delhi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5921 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=21 December 2020}}<br />
*{{cite episode |title="Gardens of Worship" |url=http://www.recreatingeden.com/index.php?pid=8&season=03&episode=30 |series="Recreating Eden" |airdate=2006 |season=03 |number=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301221838/http://www.recreatingeden.com/index.php?pid=8&season=03&episode=30 |archive-date=1 March 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Recreating Eden|2006}}}}<br />
*{{cite web |last1=Rizor |first1=John |date=21 August 2011 |title=AD Classics: Lotus Temple / Fariborz Sahba |url=https://www.archdaily.com/158522/ad-classics-lotus-temple-fariborz-sahba |website=ArchDaily |access-date=27 November 2021}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://www.sahbaarchitect.com/ |website=The Architecture of Fariborz Sahba |title=Articles|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113224206/http://www.sahbaarchitect.com/|archive-date=13 January 2006|url-status=dead|ref={{sfnRef|The Architecture of Fariborz Sahba|n.d.}}}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Warburg |first1=Margit |title=Economic Rituals: The Structure and Meaning of Donations in the Baha'i Religion |journal=Social Compass |date=1993 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=25–31}}<br />
{{refend|2}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite news |title=In the shadow of the lotus, peace and calm prevail |newspaper=Baháʼí World News Service |publisher=Baháʼí International Community |date=19 March 2008 |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/611 | access-date = 3 November 2020}}<br />
* Naharoy, S. [https://bahai-library.com/naharoy_architectural_blossoming_lotus Architectural Blossoming of the Lotus]<br />
* [https://file.bahai.media/7/75/Baha%27i_News_663.pdf Bahá'í News, June 1986], special issue about the Lotus Temple<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.bahaihouseofworship.in/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Baháʼí-2}}<br />
{{Delhi landmarks}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bahá'í House of Worship]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1986]]<br />
[[Category:Bahá'í Faith in India]]<br />
[[Category:Temples in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>WikiDwarf