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{{About|the act of marriage|works of fiction|Love Marriage (disambiguation)}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2021}}
A '''love marriage''' is one which is driven solely by the couple, with or without consent of their parents, as opposed to [[arranged marriage]].<ref name="Donner2012">{{cite book|author=Mr Henrike Donner|title=Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysehAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|access-date=31 January 2015|date=28 December 2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9145-3|pages=80, 86}}</ref> While there is no clear definition of love marriage; the term was in common use globally during the [[Victorian era]],<ref name="Donner2012"/> and is still used in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|commonwealth countries]] of India, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]], as well as [[Nepal]] and [[Egypt]].<ref name=SriLanka>{{cite news|title=Glitz and tradition at Sri Lanka society wedding|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13060799|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 April 2011|quote=Society is becoming more Westernised, too: this is a love marriage, not one arranged by the family.}}</ref><ref name=Afghan>{{cite news|title=Pakistan police to protect Afghan runaway couple|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18952987|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=23 July 2012|quote=The couple say that they entered Pakistan illegally about three weeks ago and had a secret love marriage.}}</ref>

== In Europe ==
[[File:Heloïse et d'Abélard.jpg|thumb|200px|right|"Abaelardus and Heloïse surprised by Master Fulbert", by [[Romanticism|Romanticist]] painter Jean Vignaud (1819)]]
According to Coontz, the marriages between [[Anglo-Saxon]]s were organised to establish peace and trading relationships. In the 11th century, marriages were organised on the basis of securing economics advantages or political ties. The wishes of the couples were not considered important. The bride was especially expected to defer to her father's wishes.
In 1140, [[Decretum Gratiani]] was written by Gratian. It made consent of the couple a requirement for marriage. This book became the foundation of the policy of the [[Christian Church]] on marriage.<ref name=TenKey>{{cite news|title=Ten key moments in the history of marriage|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17351133|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

In 1761, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] wrote ''[[Julie, or the New Heloise]]''. The title is a reference to [[Peter Abelard]], a 12th-century philosopher, who fell in love with his pupil, [[Héloïse d'Argenteuil]]. They had a child and secretly married. When Heloise's guardian found this, he had Abelard [[castrated]]. The story was well-known at Rousseau's time, after their letter had been published. Rousseau's book, Julie, is about the titular character and her tutor St. Preux. The book is written in the form of letters. Julie's father opposes the relation and marries her to another man, whom he considers more suitable.<ref name="Delaney2009">{{cite book|author=James Delaney|title=Starting with Rousseau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNF3y0CHyywC&pg=PA27|access-date=31 January 2015|date=15 August 2009|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84706-278-9|page=27}}</ref>

The 1840 marriage of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] made love marriage more acceptable in the minds of the British public in the [[Victoria era]] where love marriages were on the rise.<ref name=TenKey/>

American historian [[Stephanie Coontz]] has tried to record the history of love marriages in her 2005 book ''Marriage, A History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage''. Her book argues that, while not universal, marriages based on love and personal commitments started to emerge as early as the 14th century and really began to flower in the 1700s.<ref name=Malleable>{{cite news|title=The Malleable Estate: Is marriage more joyful than ever?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_book_blitz/2005/05/the_malleable_estate.single.html|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=17 May 2005}}</ref>

==In India==
In India, love marriages started becoming popular in urban areas in 1970s. Initially, love marriages occurred between acceptable communities. Love marriage now commonly transcend [[ethnic]], community and religion barriers.

In a 2012 survey conducted by [[Ipsos]] for the TV channel [[NDTV]], 74% of the respondents said that they preferred an arranged marriage.<ref name=StillArranged>{{cite news|title=NDTV mid-term poll: Does India still want arranged marriages?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ndtv-mid-term-poll-does-india-still-want-arranged-marriages-498043|access-date=14 February 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=5 September 2015}}</ref> In 2010, the [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) released a report stating that it had documented 326 cases of honour killing in the past year, majority of which were due to [[inter-caste marriage]]s.<ref name=3Gotra>{{cite news|title=Inter-caste ties behind most honour crimes. Just 3% cases due to same gotra marriages, says new survey|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100706/main1.htm|access-date=14 February 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=5 July 2010}}</ref>

In a 2014 survey conducted by the [[United Nations Population Fund]] and International Center for Research on Women, 11.7% of men and 8.5% of women surveyed claimed that they chose their partners and married with or without the consent of their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.icrw.org/publications/masculinity-intimate-partner-violence-and-son-preference-india|title = Masculinity, Intimate Partner Violence and Son Preference in India|publisher = International Center for Research on Women}}</ref> The boundaries between the two types have started to blur.<ref name="Donner2012"/> The term ''love-arranged marriage'' is used to describe a new emerging form of marriage which contains elements of both [[arranged marriage]] and love marriage.<ref name="Twamley2014">{{cite book|author=Katherine Twamley|title=Love, Marriage and Intimacy Among Gujarati Indians: A Suitable Match|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haUAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|access-date=31 January 2015|date=12 February 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-29430-2|page=68}}</ref> Love marriages are seen as imposition of the younger generation's will over the older generation's wishes.<ref name="Donner2012"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/Arranged-marriages-losing-respect-in-India/articleshow/49058130.cms|title=Arranged marriages losing respect|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==In Pakistan==
{{expand section|date=July 2020}}
In Pakistan, arranged marriages are the norm and love marriage is rare in the society. Several cases of [[honour killing]] are recorded every year.<ref name=StoningVictim>{{cite news|title=Pakistan stoning victim's husband condemns police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27614359|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 May 2011}}</ref> In most cases, the woman is killed, however in some cases couples are killed.<ref name=PakistanCoupleMurdered>{{cite news|title=Pakistan 'love marriage' couple murdered by girl's family|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/south-asia/pakistan-x2018love-marriagex2019-couple-murdered-by-girlx2019s-family|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]|date=29 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] counted about 869 such cases reported in the media, but noted that many such cases may also be unreported.<ref name=RuralHeartland>{{cite news|title=Dark tale of love and murder in Pakistan's rural heartland|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-woman-murder-idUSKBN0EA1IG20140530|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

==In Bangladesh==
In Bangladesh there is a strong code of social and cultural prohibition on inter-gender friendship and/or romantic relationship; there have been so many incidents of [[unrequited love]] of boys (unrequited love can lead to [[mob justice]] to boys by local miscreants<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/07/22/alarming-spike-in-mob-justice|title=Alarming spike in mob justice|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|author=Syed Samiul Bashar Anik|date=22 July 2019}}</ref>) and in the case of romantic relationship of two individuals, they secretly meet and talk, and may [[Elopement|elope]] if their respective guardians are not willing to get them married.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/03/30/love-elopement-and-an-unopened-prophylactic|title=Love, elopement, and an unopened prophylactic|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|author=Towheed Feroze|date=30 March 2014|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/12109/the-freedom-of-not-being-married-in-bangladesh|title=The Freedom of (not) being married in Bangladesh|website=newagebd.net|author=Nasrin Siraj|date=28 March 2017|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/2018/02/11/love-elopement-and-all-that|title=Love, elopement, and all that|website=dhakatribune.com|publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=12 February 2018|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Couple Suicide">{{cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/07/19/couple-student-commit-suicide-in-dhaka|title=Couple, student commit 'suicide' in Dhaka|website=bdnews24.com|publisher=[[Bdnews24.com]]|date=19 July 2015|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> Due to a large portion of society's Islamic adherence and conservative mentality, inter-gender friendship and romance is heavily suppressed. It is also very difficult to form a romantic relationship or to find a life partner by one's own will. It is generally hard for boys to find life-partners; they need to become earners as Bangladeshi society is very conservative and patriarchal.{{sfn|Lewis|2011}} The society largely relies on the [[arranged marriage]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/19/bangladesh-love-and-marriage_n_5348246.html|title=To Love In Bangladesh|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]|date=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788|title=6 Places In The World Where Arranged Marriages Is Traditional & Historically Practiced|website=[[Elite Daily]]}}</ref>

There are strong records of guardian objections for various reasons whether the boy is not liked by the girl's parents or the boy is unemployed or of lower income status etc. In this case, the girl is forcibly married to a boy of her parent's choice, and if the girl elopes with another boy, her parents may file a police case against the boy. This social and cultural trend is still prevalent in Bangladeshi society.{{sfn|Lewis|2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/jailed-love-1781023|title=Jailed for love|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Some couples may commit suicide for not being supported by their families and society.<ref name="Couple Suicide"/>

==In Egypt==
In [[Egypt]], love marriages, especially [[interfaith marriage]]s, are generally considered socially unacceptable. Interfaith marriages are often seen as a tactic to recruit members from other religions. Such marriages sometimes result in [[sectarian violence]]. According to Egyptian law, a man from another religion must convert to [[Islam]] to marry a Muslim woman. However, a Christian woman may marry a Muslim man without converting, but officials require the woman to produce a letter of approval from her church, which is rarely granted.<ref name=Egypt>{{cite news|title=Egypt: The forbidden love of interfaith romances|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29932094|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Forced marriage]]
* [[Love Commandos]], a group of activists in India that protects couples who have entered a love marriage from violence.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=David|author-link=David Lewis (academic)|title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521886123}}

{{Types of marriages}}

[[Category:Types of marriage]]
[[Category:Marriage in India]]

Love marriage - Revision history

->Citation bot at 22:45, 24 September 2021