Ajay Kumar at 18:39, 5 September 2023

2023-09-05T18:39:12Z

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{{Short description|Ecoregion of India and Bangladesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
| image = File:Bhawal National Park 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Bhawal National Park]]
| map = Ecoregion IM0120.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)
| biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
| biome = [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
| border = [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]
| border1 = [[Chhota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests]]
| border2 = [[Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests]]
| border3 = [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]
| border4 = [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]]
| border5 = [[Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests]]
| border6 = [[Myanmar coastal rain forests]]
| border7 = [[Myanmar Coast mangroves]]
| border8 = [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]]
| border9 = [[Odisha semi-evergreen forests]]
| border10 = [[Sundarbans mangroves]]
| border11 = [[Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests]]
| border12 = [[Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands]]
| border13 = [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]
| area = 254100
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| country1 = [[India]]
| country2 = [[Myanmar]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| state1 = [[Bihar]]
| state2 = [[Odisha]]
| state3 = [[Tripura]]
| state4 = [[Uttar Pradesh]],
| state5 = [[West Bengal]]
| bird_species = 380+
| mammal_species = 126
| habitat_loss =
| habitat_loss_ref =
| protected = 2.76
| protected_ref =
| conservation = Critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests|id=im0120}}</ref>

| coordinates = {{coord|24|02|N|89|53|E|display=inline,title}}
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests''' is a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] [[ecoregion]] of [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. The ecoregion covers an area of {{convert|254100|km2|sqmi}}, comprising most of Bangladesh and the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Tripura]], and extending into adjacent states of [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and a tiny part of [[Assam]], as well as adjacent western [[Myanmar]].

==Geography==
The Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests extends across the [[alluvial plain]] of the lower [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]] rivers, which form the world's largest [[river delta]]. The ecoregion is currently one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and the forests have largely been replaced with [[intensive farming|intensive agriculture]].

The ecoregion is bounded on the east and northeast by montane tropical rain forests; the [[Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests]] covers the [[Chin Hills]] and [[Chittagong Hills]] to the east, extending into Myanmar and other states of Northeast India, while the [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]] covers the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya and southern Assam, and almost defines the Bangladesh border with [[Northeast India]]. To the north, the ecoregion extends to the base of the [[Himalaya]]s, where it is bounded by the [[Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands]]. The upper portion of the Brahmaputra valley in Assam is home to the humid lowland [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]. To the northwest, the forests are bounded by the [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]. The dry [[Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests]] lie on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] to the southwest. The [[Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests]] and [[Sundarbans mangroves]] ecoregions lie in the swampy, semi-[[brackish]] and brackish southern reaches of the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]] bordering the [[Bay of Bengal]].

The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including [[Kolkata]], [[Dhaka]], [[Patna]], and [[Chittagong]].

==Climate==
The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and humid. Most of the annual rainfall comes during the southwest monsoon from June to September.

==Flora==
The natural vegetation is mostly semi-deciduous forest.

The upper canopy is predominantly of deciduous trees, with a lower storey of evergreen trees. Characteristic trees in disturbed forests are ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'' together with ''[[Albizia procera]], [[Duabanga sonneratioides]]'', and ''[[Sterculia villosa]]''. As forests mature [[Shorea robusta|sal]] (''Shorea robusta'') becomes predominant, but most of the remaining forests do not mature to climax stage because of human disturbance. Where annual fires occur frequently during the dry season, fire-hardy trees and shrubs ''[[Zizyphus mauritiana]], [[Madhuca latifolia]], [[Aegle marmelos]], [[Butea monosperma]], [[Terminalia tomentosa]]'', and ''[[Ochna pumila]]'' are common.<ref name = wwf/>

Riparian forests are typically an ''Acacia-Dalbergia'' association, with ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', ''[[Albizia procera]]'', ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'', and ''[[Sterculia villosa]]''.<ref name = wwf/>

<gallery>
File:পাহাড় নদী নৌকা.jpg|
File:Forest Deep Dumboor Lake.jpg|
File:Ramsagar National Park.jpeg|
File:Fisherman in Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|Seasonal flooding
File:ভাওয়াল জাতীয় উদ্যানের সৌন্দর্য.jpg|Inside the forests
File:Bhaowal forest 17.08.2014.jpg|
File:It's the green that's brightens up the nature.png|Endless forest in a flat landscape. Nowadays a rare sight.
</gallery>

==Fauna==
The ecoregion is home to 126 native mammal species. They include threatened species like the [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[chousingha]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[smooth-coated otter]] (''Lutrogale perspicillata''), and [[great Indian civet]] (''Viverra zibetha'').<ref name = wwf/>

The ecoregion is home to 380 species of birds species, including the [[Bengal florican]] (''Houbaropsis bengalensis''), [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus''), [[Pallas's fish-eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''), [[swamp francolin]] (''Francolinus gularis''), [[Indian grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros birostris''), and [[Oriental pied hornbill]] (''Anthracoceros albirostris'').

[[File:Amused Monkey.jpg|thumb|Monkey]]
<gallery>
File:Spotting a deer during Elephant Safari.jpg|[[Deer]]s
File:গুইসাপ.jpg|Where the undergrowth is sparse, [[monitor lizard]]s can roam.
File:Indian Blue peafowl.jpg|[[Peacock]]s
File:White-throated fantail, Bhawal National Park.jpg|Various bird species ([[Fantail|fantail bird]])
File:মনার্ক প্রজাপতি.jpg|[[Danaus genutia|Common tiger]] butterfliy
File:Common hopper.jpg|[[Dragonflies]] can hunt on the open waters
</gallery>

==Conservation==
The ecoregion has been densely settled for many centuries, yet much forest remained until the early 20th century. Forest clearance accelerated during the 20th century, and by the end of the century, only 3% of the ecoregion remained in natural forest. Remaining forest areas are mostly small patches, except for one large block of forest south of [[Varanasi]].<ref name = wikramanayake>Wikramanayake, E.; Dinerstein, E.; Loucks, C. J.; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC. pp. 303</ref>

In 1997, the [[World Wildlife Fund]] identified over 40 protected areas in the ecoregion, with a combined area of about 7010 km², or approximately 3% of the ecoregion's area. Over half of these protected areas were smaller than 100 km²<ref name = wikramanayake/>
[[File:THE CAMOUFLAGED- A male Elephant at Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|[[Asian elephant|Elephants]] used to roam these vast forests, but are now confined to a few protected areas.]]
[[File:রয়েল বেঙ্গল টাইগার.jpg|thumb|Large numbers of [[Indian tiger]]s used to roam in this ecoregion. Small populations now survive in a few protected areas.]]

* [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (140 km²; also extends into the [[Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests]])
* [[Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (50 km²)
* [[Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (2,370 km²)
* [[Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary]], Uttar Pradesh (80 km²)
* [[Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (290 km²)
* [[Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Uttar Pradesh (120 km²)
* [[Valmiki National Park]], Bihar (230 km²; also extends into the [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]])
* [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]], West Bengal (40 km²)
* [[Kabartal Bird Sanctuary]], Bihar (30 km²)
* [[Ramsagar National Park]], Bangladesh (10 km²)
* [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]], Bihar 160 km²)
* [[Nakti Dam Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (200 km²)
* [[Narendrapur Wildlife Sanctuary]], West Bengal (90 km²)
* [[Jaldapara National Park]], West Bengal (70 km²)
* [[Chalan Beel Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (170 km²)
* [[Bil Bhatia Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (30 km²)
* [[Madhupur National Park]], Bangladesh (110 km²)
* [[Hail Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (100 km²)
* [[Roa Wildlife Sanctuary]], Tripura (10 km²)
* [[Bhawal National Park]], Bangladesh (90 km²)
* [[Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (50 km²)
* [[Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary]], Tripura (420 km²)
* [[Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary]], Tripura (20 km²)
* [[Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary]], Tripura (270 km²)
* [[Aila Beel Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (30 km²)
* [[Kawadighi Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (10 km²)
* Unnamed (20 km²)
* [[Dakhar Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (40 km²)
* [[Dubriar Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (20 km²)
* [[Erali Beel Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (10 km²)
* [[Hakaluki Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (160 km²)
* [[Kawadighi Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (20 km²)
* [[Kuri Beel Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (30 km²)
* [[Meda Beel Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (20 km²)
* [[Rajkandi Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (50 km²)
* [[Tangua Haor Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh 160 km²)
* [[West Bhanugach Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (50 km²)
* [[Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (30 km²)
* [[Rampahar-Sitapahar Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (10 km²)
* [[Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (90 km²)
* [[Chimbuk Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (30 km²)
* [[Himchari National Park]], Bangladesh (20 km²)
* [[Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bangladesh (100 km²)
* [[Sangu Matamuhari]], Bangladesh (960 km²)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{WWF ecoregion|name=Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests|id=im0120}}
* {{cite web|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|title=Ecoregions 2017|publisher=Resolve}}<br>Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.

{{ecoregions of India}}

[[Category:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests| ]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Ganges basin]]
[[Category:Forests of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Assam]]
[[Category:Environment of Bihar]]
[[Category:Environment of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Environment of Odisha]]
[[Category:Environment of Tripura]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]

Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 18:39, 5 September 2023