https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Lucknow_PactLucknow Pact - Revision history2026-07-30T09:13:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Lucknow_Pact&diff=140800&oldid=prev205.164.156.210 at 15:28, 26 August 20212021-08-26T15:28:14Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (1916)}}<br />
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The '''Lucknow Pact''' was an agreement reached between the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] (AIML) at a joint session of both the parties held in [[Lucknow]] in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy. Scholars cite this as an example of a [[consociational]] practice in Indian politics. Ambica Charan Mazumdar led the Congress while framing the deal, and [[A.K. Fazlul Haq]] (who was part of both Congress and the Muslim League in 1916) and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] also participated in this event.<ref name=Wilkinson>{{citation |first=Steven Ian |last=Wilkinson |title=India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence |journal=Asian Survey |volume=40 |number=5 |date=September–October 2000 |pp=767–791 |JSTOR=3021176 |ref={{sfnref|Wilkinson, India, Consociational Theory and Ethnic Violence|2000}} |doi=10.1525/as.2000.40.5.01p01013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic Lucknow Pact enters 100th year {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Historic-Lucknow-Pact-enters-100th-year/articleshow/50360098.cms|date=December 29, 2015|first=Arunav|last=Sinha|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><br />
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== Background ==<br />
The British had announced under immense pressure from Indian masses, in order to satisfy the Indians, that they will be considering a series of proposals that would lead to at least half of the members of the Executive Council being elected and the Legislative Council having a majority of elected members needed. Both the Congress and the Muslim League supported these. Both had realized that for further concessions to be gained, greater cooperation was required.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The History and Culture of Pakistan|last=Kelly|first=Nigel|publisher=Peak Publishing|year=2014|page=61}}</ref><br />
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== Agreements by the Congress ==<br />
The Congress agreed to separate [[Separate electorate system|electorates]] for Muslims in electing representatives to the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils. Although the Muslims were given this right in the Indian Council Act of 1909, the Indian National Congress opposed it. The Congress also agreed to the idea of one-third seats for the Muslims in the Councils despite the fact that the Muslim population represented less than a third. Apart from that, the Congress agreed that no act affecting a community should be passed unless three-quarters of that community's members on the council supported it. After the signing of this pact the rivalry between moderates and extremists was reduced to some extent. There was a significant change in their relation.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Demands presented to the British ==<br />
Both parties presented some common demands to the British. They demanded:<br />
* The number of elected seats on the councils should be increased.<br />
* Laws/Motions which were passed by large majorities in the councils should be accepted as bindings by the British Government.<br />
* Minorities in the provinces should be protected.<br />
* All provinces should be granted autonomy.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Separating the executive from the judiciary<br />
* At least half of the members of the Executive Council being elected, the Legislative council having a majority of elected members<ref>The History and Culture of Pakistan by Nigel Kelly page 61</ref><br />
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== Importance ==<br />
The Lucknow Pact was seen as a beacon of hope to [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]. It was the first time that the Hindus and Muslims had made a joint demand for political reform to the British. It led to a growing belief in British India that Home Rule (self-government) was a real possibility. The pact also marked the high-water mark of Hindu-Muslim unity. It established cordial relations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Before the pact, both parties were viewed as rivals who opposed each other and worked in their own interests. However, the pact brought a change in that view.<br />
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The Lucknow Pact also helped in establishing cordial relations between the two prominent groups within the Indian National Congress – the '[[garam dal|extremist]]' faction led by the [[Lal Bal Pal]] trio ([[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]]), and the '[[naram dal|moderate]]' faction led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] until his death in 1915 and later represented by [[Gandhi]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/gopal-krishna-gokhale-309510-2016-02-19 Remembering Gopal Krishna Gokhale], India Today, 19 February 2016.</ref> Though Jinnah advocated a separate nation for the Muslims 20 years later, in 1916 he was a member of both Congress and Muslim League, was an associate of Tilak, and hailed as 'ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Historic-Lucknow-Pact-enters-100th-year/articleshow/50360098.cms Historic Lucknow Pact enters 100th year], The Times of India, 29 December 2015</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Jinnah}}<br />
{{Pakistan Movement}}<br />
{{Lucknow division topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]<br />
[[Category:1916 documents]]</div>205.164.156.210