->Materialscientist at 06:15, 23 November 2021

2021-11-23T06:15:55Z

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{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Lucknow}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lucknow district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|District of Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Lucknow.svg
| map_caption = Location of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Lucknow
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Lucknow]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2528
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,589,838
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] & [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = http://lucknow.nic.in/
| official_name =
| Language = [[Awadhi language]]
}}
'''Lucknow district''' is a [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]] located in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in northern India. The city of [[Lucknow]] is the district headquarters and the district is part of [[Lucknow Division]]. It also is the capital of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lucknow, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=xii-xiv, 6–67, 76, 94, 112, 137, 149, 166, 186, 203|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

==Historical background==
Located in what was historically known as the [[Awadh]] region, Lucknow has always been a multicultural place.<ref name=lucknow>{{cite web | url = http://www.lucknowonline.com/index.php| title = Welcome to the city of Nawabs | access-date = 2012-01-16 | year = 2012 | publisher = Lucknow Online}}</ref>

The Lucknow district that exists today was created by the British in 1856, upon their annexation of [[Oudh State]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Lucknow - A Gazetteer |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=1–60, 109–36 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48095 |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Under the Nawabs of Oudh, the area administered from Lucknow had been rather small, consisting of only the [[pargana]]s immediately surrounding the city.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> This was known as the Huzur tehsil.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The rest of the area had been part of other divisions whose headquarters lay outside the borders of the present-day district.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

From 1856 until 1872, the new Lucknow district consisted of 10 parganas in 4 tehsils: Lucknow tehsil contained the 3 parganas of Lucknow, Bijnaur, and Kakori; [[Kursi, Uttar Pradesh|Kursi]] tehsil contained the 3 parganas of Kursi, [[Dewa, India|Dewa]], and Mahona; Mohanlalganj tehsil contained the 2 parganas of Mohanlalganj and Nigohan; and Malihabad tehsil consisted of the 2 parganas of Malihabad and [[Auras, Uttar Pradesh|Auras]]-[[Mohan, Uttar Pradesh|Mohan]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In 1872, the first regular settlement conducted by the British was completed, and three parganas were transferred out of Lucknow district: Dewa and Kursi, the two easternmost parganas, were transferred to [[Barabanki district]], while Auras-Mohan in the west was transferred to [[Unnao district]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> At the same time, the tehsils of Malihabad and Mahona were merged into a single entity.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

==Geography and climate==
{{climate chart
|Lucknow
|6.9|22.6|21.9
|9.3|26.0|11.2
|14.2|32.2|7.7
|20.5|38.1|4.9
|24.7|40.5|16.5
|27.1|38.7|107.4
|26.1|33.6|294.3
|25.6|32.5|313.9
|24.3|33.0|180.6
|19.0|32.5|45.2
|11.8|28.9|3.8
|7.4|24.1|7.3
|source=[http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00532.htm World Weather Information Service]
|float=left
|clear=none
}}
Lucknow district covers an area of 2,528 square kilometers, centrally located in both the central Ganges plain as well as Uttar Pradesh as a whole.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It consists of three geographical sub-regions: the [[Gomti]] basin, the Lucknow-Uparwar plain, and the upper [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai]] catchments.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The landscape is very flat, with virtually no hills.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> There is a gradual slope from northwest to southeast, following the course of the rivers.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Geologically, it is made of light [[alluvium]]<ref name="Gazetteer"/> and dun gravels<ref name="Census 2011"/> of relatively recent age.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Scattered throughout the district are the nodular limestone deposits called [[kankar]], which appear in beds of varying thickness located 2–5 feet below the surface.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

The area was once lightly wooded, but by the turn of the 20th century most of this had been cut down.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Large [[Butea monosperma|dhak]] forests covered parts of the old parganas of Malihabad, Mahona, and Mohanlalganj until the late 1800s, when they were cleared to make space for farms.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> By the early 1900s, the only large area of dhak forest that remained was in the northeastern corner of Mahona pargana.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In 2008-09, it was recorded that 13,082 [[hectare]]s of Lucknow district were under forest cover, representing 5.19% of the total land area.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Of note is the Kukrail forest reserve, on the outskirts of the Lucknow metro area.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The main rivers of Lucknow district are the Gomti and the Sai.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Gomti enters the district at the meeting of the borders with [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]] and [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] districts,<ref name="Census 2011"/> and then winds its way through Lucknow district.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The riverbed of the Gomti is significantly lower than the surrounding area, limiting its use for [[irrigation]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In many places, the high banks of the Gomti are scarred with ravines, where rainfall has gradually eroded away the earth that used to be there.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The main tributary of the Gomti is the [[Behta]], a perennial stream which originates in Hardoi district and joins the Gomti near the village of [[Kankarabad]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The other tributaries include the [[Loni (stream)|Loni]] and the [[nala (stream)|nala]]s of [[Jhingi]] and [[Akraddi]], as well as the Kukrail on the left bank.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Sai enters Lucknow district at the village of [[Sulsa Mau]] and flows toward the southeast, forming the border with Unnao district until it turns south at the village of [[Agahiya]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> The Sai's banks are shallower and less eroded than those of the Gomti.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The main tributary of the Sai is the [[Bakh (stream)|Bakh]], which originates as a chain of [[jhil]]s in a depression near [[Bijnaur]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

There are also barren [[usar (wasteland)|usar]] tracts, where there is little plant growth except for some small grasses that grow during the rainy season.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> They are often formed from soil saturation.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> They are most common in the southern and western parts of the district.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

The climate of Lucknow district is predominantly [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] in nature, and it experiences the effects of the [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian monsoon]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>
There are three main seasons: the summer season typically lasts from March to June, with May and June being the hottest months; then comes the rainy season, from July to October.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The heaviest rains are during July and August.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Then comes winter, which lasts from November until February.<ref name="Census 2011"/> January is generally the coldest month.<ref name="Census 2011"/> However, the Lucknow area has a fairly moderate climate, and does not experience particularly extreme temperatures.<ref name="Census 2011"/> [[Frost]] sometimes happens here in cold weather, but it is rare.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

==Divisions==
[[File:Lucknow District map.PNG|thumb|Map showing Lucknow District]]
Lucknow district is divided into 4 tehsils: Lucknow, Malihabad, Mohanlalganj, and Bakshi Ka Talab. These tehsils are then divided into 8 community development blocks (vikas khand), as follows:<ref name="Census 2011"/>
* '''Bakshi Ka Talab tehsil'''
** [[Bakshi Ka Talab]]
* '''Lucknow tehsil'''
** [[Chinhat]]{{refn|group=note|name=first|Most of Chinhat block is in Lucknow tehsil, but a small part belongs to Bakshi Ka Talab tehsil instead.<ref name="Census 2011"/>}}
** [[Kakori]]
** [[Sarojani Nagar]]
* '''Malihabad tehsil'''
** [[Mal, Lucknow|Mal]]
** [[Malihabad]]
* '''Mohanlalganj tehsil'''
** [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]]
** [[Mohanlalganj]]

Lucknow district contains 807 villages and 498 [[gram panchayat]]s.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==Demography==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=7,93,241|13=1911|14=7,64,411|15=1921|16=7,24,344|17=1931|18=7,87,472|19=1941|20=949728|21=1951|22=11,28,101|23=1961|24=13,38,882|25=1971|26=16,17,846|27=1981|28=20,14,574|29=1991|30=27,62,801|31=2001|32=36,47,834|33=2011|34=45,89,838|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Lucknow district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,589,838,<ref name="Census 2011"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Georgia 4,585,874 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Louisiana 4,533,372
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 31st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> The district has a population density of {{convert| 1815 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 25.79%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Lucknow has a [[sex ratio]] of 906 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.33%.<ref name=districtcensus/>
According to the [[2001 census of India|2001 census]] Lucknow district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,681,461.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Lucknow District<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/528-lucknow.html|title=Lucknow District Religion Census 2011|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|77.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|21.46}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhs]]|yellow|0.52}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.49}}
}}
There is harmony between people of different religions in the city of Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20161202-indias-model-for-tolerance|title=India’s model for tolerance|first=Harrison|last=Akins|website=bbc.com|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
The [[Lucknow Pact]] between the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] was agreed upon at the joint session of both parties in 1915.
Religious institutions include [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Lucknow|Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]], [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Lucknow|Sri Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Chandrika Devi Temple, Lucknow|Chandrika Devi Temple]].

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
| caption=Lucknow district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = Hindi |value1 = 90.71 |color1 = Yellow
|label2 = Urdu |value2 = 7.55 |color2 = Red
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.74 |color3 = Black
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 91.19% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] (or a related language) and 7.56% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-C16"/>

Languages spoken here include [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a vernacular in the [[Hindi language (generic)|Hindi]] [[dialect continuum|continuum]] spoken by over 38 million people, mainly in the [[Awadh]] region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Awadhi: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=awa | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> Urdu and Hindi are also the two mainstream languages of the district.

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! colspan=4| Lucknow district: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Uttar Pradesh |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! Mother tongue code
! Mother tongue
! People
! Percentage
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 001002 || [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,975
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.06%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,405
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.29%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 005018 || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 781
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.02%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006030 || [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,881
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.24%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,550
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.12%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006142 || [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 873
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.02%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 591
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.01%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006240 || [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,163,409
| style="text-align:right;" | 90.71%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006340 || [[Kumauni language|Kumauni]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,066
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.05%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 006489 || [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 299
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.01%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 007016 || [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 488
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.01%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 010008 || [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 524
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.01%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 011016 || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,360
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.05%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 013071 || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,942
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.04%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,417
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.07%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 015043 || [[Odia language|Odia]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,244
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.03%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 19,210
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.42%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 019014 || [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,303
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.12%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 020027 || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,239
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.03%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 021046 || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,472
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.03%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 022015 || [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 346,474
| style="text-align:right;" | 7.55%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 028001 || [[Arabic language|Arabic/Arbi]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 360
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.01%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| 040001 || [[English language|English]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 867
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.02%
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|| [[Languages of India|Others]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,108
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.09%
|-valign=top class="sortbottom"
| colspan=2 | Total
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,589,838
| style="text-align:right;" | 100.00%
|-
|}

==Agriculture==
There are three harvests, called by the typical Hindustani names of [[Rabi crop|rabi]], [[Kharif crop|kharif]], and [[Zaid crops|zaid]].<ref name="Census 2011"/><ref name="Gazetteer"/> Rabi is the springtime harvest, Kharif is the autumn harvest, and Zaid is the hot-weather harvest.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The most important of the three harvests is kharif, which historically has always involved larger areas of cultivation than Rabi.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Of the kharif crops, the most important was traditionally [[rice]], grown in two kinds: early rice, harvested in July and not grown very extensively, and late or transplanted rice, harvested in October and November and far more extensively grown, especially in areas with heavier clayey soils.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The second most important kharif crop was historically [[juwar]], grown in loamier soils, usually mixed with [[arhar]], and often used as [[fodder]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Bajra ([[pearl millet]]) has also traditionally been grown extensively, particularly in areas with sandier soil.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Today, the main kharif crops in Lucknow district are rice, [[maize]], juwar, bajra, [[Vigna mungo|urad]], [[mung bean]]s, and [[soybean]]s.<ref name="Census 2011"/> As for the rabi crops, the most important are [[wheat]] and [[barley]], followed by gram, [[pea]]s, arhar, and [[oilseed]]s.<ref name="Census 2011"/> In the early 20th century, peas and barley were not as widely grown.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> There are only a few zaid crops, of which the most important in Lucknow district has historically been the [[melon]]; the melons grown here have been renowned for their taste.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

Most famous among Lucknow district's produce is the [[Dasheri]] mango, which are especially grown in the areas around Kakori and Malihabad.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The Dasheri is said to have originated during the 18th century, as a chance seedling in the Nawab's gardens.<ref name="Sadhu 1989">{{cite book |last1=Sadhu |first1=M.K. |title=Plant Propagation |date=1989 |publisher=New Age International |location=Delhi |isbn=81-224-0065-5 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gQh6OI7GcC |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Since then, the Dasheri has been spread throughout North India through continuous [[grafting]].<ref name="Sadhu 1989"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

<ref>[https://anajbhav.com/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8A-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-lucknow-mandi-bhav/ Anaj bhav of Lucknow Mandi]</ref>==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://lucknow.nic.in}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lucknow district
|North = [[Sitapur district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Bara Banki district]]
|Southeast = [[Rae Bareli district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Unnao district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Hardoi district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Lucknow district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
}}

{{Coord|26|45|N|81|00|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

*[https://www.travellingadvise.com/places-to-visit-in-lucknow-a-city-of-nawabs-in-india/ Places to Visit in Lucknow]

{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lucknow district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lucknow division]]
[[Category:Minority Concentrated Districts in India]]

Lucknow district - Revision history

->Materialscientist at 06:15, 23 November 2021