Ajay Kumar at 13:19, 23 August 2023

2023-08-23T13:19:47Z

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{{short description|Moon exploration programme by the Russian Federal Space Agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Luna-Glob''' ({{lang-ru|Луна-Глоб}}, meaning ''Lunar sphere'') is a [[Moon]] [[Exploration of the Moon|exploration programme]] by [[Roscosmos]] meant to progress toward the creation of a fully robotic [[lunar base]]. When completed, the programme is intended to continue with crewed lunar missions, starting with a crewed orbiter spacecraft called [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]].<ref name='Litvak Moon 2016'>[http://www.mat.ucm.es/~aegora/eventos/escorial2016/IKI%20-%20Maxim%20Litvak.pdf The vision of the Russian Space Agency on the robotic settlements in the Moon.] Maxim Litvak, IKI/Roscosmos. 2016.</ref>

The programme is based on plans dating back to 1997. Due to the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]] however, the programme's first mission, the [[Luna 25]] lander, was put on hold, only to be revived a few years later. Initially scheduled for launch in 2012<ref name="fed">{{cite web|title=Fundamental Space Studies|url=http://www.federalspace.ru/science0615E.asp|publisher=[[Russian Federal Space Agency]]|access-date=27 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407195935/http://www.federalspace.ru/science0615E.asp  |archive-date = 7 April 2008}}</ref> by a [[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2 rocket]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna-Glob 1 orbiter|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/14/317424/lavochkin-begins-phase-b-work-for-luna-glob-1-orbiter.html|work=FlightGlobal|access-date=16 October 2008}}</ref> the first mission has been delayed many times, first to 2014, then to 2015<ref>[http://www.3dnews.ru/news/619584 Российский зонд Луна-Глоб отправится исследовать Луну в 2015 году]</ref><ref name="Space Exp">{{cite web|title=First Russian moon mission delayed|date=17 October 2013|url=http://spaceexp.tumblr.com/post/64287200145/first-russian-moon-mission-delayed|publisher=Space Exp|access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> and 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.federalspace.ru/main.php?id=25 |title=Roscosmos: Fundamental space researches |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815134306/http://www.federalspace.ru/main.php?id=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Future Missions">{{cite web|title=Future planetary missions|url=http://spaceexp.tumblr.com/future-missions|publisher=Space Exp|access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> and 2018<ref name=launch2018>[http://ria.ru/space/20141003/1026822990.html Russia will launch Luna spacecraft in 2018]</ref> and 2019.<ref>{{cite web| title=Russian Moon missions face three-year delay|url=http://russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_2014.html|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Russia's Roscosmos approved a model of the Luna 25 lander in 2017.<ref name='launch 2021'>{{Cite news|url=http://tass.com/russia/800691|title=Russia presenting model of Luna-25 Moon exploration spacecraft at Le Bourget Air Show 2015|agency=TASS|access-date=21 November 2017|language=ru}}</ref>

[[Luna 25]] was successfully launched on 11 August 2023 but crashed on the Moon's surface on 19 August due to an anomalous orbit lowering maneuver;<ref name="rsw-luna25">{{cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna-glob-flight.html |title=Luna-Glob mission lifts off |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |work=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> [[Luna 26]] is planned to be launched in 2027, [[Luna 27]] in 2028, [[Luna 28]] in 2030, and Luna 29, Luna 30 and 31 in the 2030s.

==History==

The Luna-Glob programme is a continuation of the Soviet Union [[Luna programme]] that sent at least 24 orbiters and landers between 1959 and 1976 to the Moon, of which fifteen were successful. The last mission was [[Luna 24]], launched on 9 August 1976.

Initially, the first Luna-Glob mission was planned as orbiter with ground penetrating sensors.<ref name="Aviation Week">{{cite magazine|title=Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=1131|magazine=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=27 June 2008}}</ref> Four Japanese-built penetrators inherited from the [[Lunar-A]] were to be used, each 45 kg (100 lb), including 14 kg (31 lb) for the penetrator proper. Furthermore, [[seismology|seismic]] experiments were planned, including the use of four penetrators, which will slam into the lunar surface equipped to detect seismic signals. These experiments are expected to help clarify the [[origin of the Moon]]. Two of the penetrators are planned to land near the [[Apollo 11]] and [[Apollo 12]] landing sites, taking advantage of seismic data gathered there from 1969 to 1974. The payload of the orbiter will total {{convert|120|kg|abbr=on}} and include astrophysics experiments, dust monitors, plasma sensors, including the [[Lunar Orbital Radio Detector|LORD]] astronomy payload, designed to study ultra-high-energy [[cosmic rays]].<ref>[http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna-glob.htm Luna-Glob at Skyrocket]</ref>

[[Luna-Resurs]] (Luna 27) was initially planned as a joint orbiter-rover mission (the orbiter was to be the Indian [[Chandrayaan-2]]) that would have featured a 58 kg Russian rover and lander, as part of the cancelled [[International Lunar Network]].<ref name="russianspaceweb.com"/> This joint mission would have landed in the Moon's south pole, examine a crater and operate for up to one year.<ref name="russianspaceweb.com">[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_resurs.html Luna-Resurs at RussianSpaceweb]</ref> Because the loss of the [[Fobos-Grunt]] in 2011 which was planned as a test for the landing system, Russia cited its inability to provide the lander and rover within the proposed time. India then decided to develop the lunar mission independently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece |title=Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone|date=22 January 2013|access-date= 22 January 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== List of missions ==
Unlike their predecessors, the new Luna missions are targeted at the lunar poles.<ref name='IKI 2017'>[http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/moon.htm Russian Moon exploration programme]. Russian Research Institute (IKI). 2017.</ref> As of 2019, the next missions have been announced:<ref name="russianspaceweb">[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_2014.html Russian Moon missions face three-year delay]</ref><ref name='Litva 2016'>[http://www.mat.ucm.es/~aegora/eventos/escorial2016/IKI%20-%20Maxim%20Litvak.pdf The vision of the Russian Space Agency on the robotic settlements in the Moon]. (PDF). Maxim Litva. ROSCOSMOS. 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Luna-Glob (Luna 25) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna-glob.htm |website=space.skyrocket.de |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Spacecraft !! Launch date!! Notes !! Launch vehicle !! Status
|-
| [[Luna 25]] (Luna-Glob Lander) || 10 August 2023 23:10:57<ref>{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Bella |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/ |title=Launch Roundup: Russia to return to the Moon in Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic to complete first fully private space tourism flight |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |work=NASASpaceFlight}}</ref> || South pole lander || [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz 2.1b]] || {{Fail}}<ref name="rsw-luna25"/>
|-
| [[Luna 26]] (Luna-Resurs Orbiter) || 2027<ref name="tass-20230719">{{cite web |url=https://tass.ru/kosmos/18307283 |title=Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27" |trans-title=The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components |language=ru |date=19 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |work=TASS}}</ref>|| Lunar orbiter || Soyuz 2.1b || {{Planned}}
|-
| [[Luna 27]] (Luna Resurs Lander) || 2028<ref name="tass-20230719"/> || South pole lander<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrqRDgAAQBAJ&q=luna+26+mission Space Operations: Contributions from the Global Community]. Craig Cruzen, Michael Schmidhuber, Young H. Lee, Bangyeop Kim. Springer, 30 March 2017 - Technology & Engineering - 718 pages.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stella Tkatchova|title=Emerging Space Markets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6s2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|year=2017|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-662-55669-6|page=56}}</ref> || Soyuz 2.1b || {{Planned}}
|-
| [[Luna 28]] (Luna Grunt) || NET 2030<ref>{{cite tweet |autohr=Katya Pavlushchnko |user=katlinegrey |number=1689922853607550976 |title=Yuri Borisov: Roscosmos plans to launch #Luna26 in 2027, Luna-27 - in 2028, and Luna-28 - in 2030 or later. After that, the next goal will be a crewed mission to the Moon. |date=11 August 2023}}</ref> || South pole lander and [[Sample-return mission|sample-return]]<ref name="space-sample">[https://www.space.com/20461-russia-moon-robots-missions.html Destination Moon: Russia to Launch New Wave of Lunar Robots]. Leonard David, ''Space''. 1 April 2013.</ref> || Soyuz 2.1b || {{Planned}}
|-
| [[Luna 29]] (Luna-Resurs-PS) || 2030s<ref name="tass-20230719"/>|| || [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara]] A5/KVTK<ref name=russia>{{cite web |title=Russian Launch Manifest |url=http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/russia-man.txt |first=Steven |last=Pietrobon |date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref> || {{Planned}}
|-
| [[Luna 30]] (Luna-Orbita-1) || 2030s<ref name="hitecher-20190514">{{cite web |url=https://hitecher.com/news/luna-29-mission-may-be-led-by-robot |title=Luna-29 mission may be led by robot |work=Hitecher |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> || || || {{Planned}}
|-
| [[Luna 31]] (Luna-Orbita-2) || 2030s<ref name="hitecher-20190514" /> || || || {{Planned}}
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Maquette-Luna-Glob-Lander-b-DSC 0075.jpg|Luna 25
File:Maquette-Luna-Resurs-Orbiter-DSC 0076.jpg|Luna 26
File:Lunar-Resurs-DSC 0019.jpg|Luna 27
</gallery>

==Future lunar base==
{{see also|Colonization of the Moon}}
It was planned in 2008 that Luna-Glob, a "robotic proving ground", would be followed by a robotic base, known in Russian as ''Lunny Poligon'' - or Lunar Range,<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/lunny_poligon.html Luna Grunt]. Anatoly Zak, ''Russian Space Web''. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</ref> and this base would progress with the construction of a habitable [[lunar base]] that would have several components: solar power station, telecommunication station, technological station, scientific station, long-range research rover, landing and launch area, and a telecom orbiting satellite.<ref>{{cite web| title=Russian project Luna-Glob: goals and status| url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2008/04983/EGU2008-A-04983.pdf| access-date=21 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=RETURN TO THE MOON: NEXT STEPS| url=http://www.astron.kharkov.ua/conference/ssb/08/abstracts/SSB08-Shevchenko_VV.pdf| access-date=21 October 2008}}</ref>

When the robotic phase is completed, the programme will continue with crewed lunar missions in the 2030s, starting with a crewed orbiter mission on a spacecraft called [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]].<ref name='Litvak Moon 2016'/><ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ptk_va.html Return Vehicle for PTK Federatsiya transport spacecraft]. Anatoly Zak, ''Russian Space Web''. 6 September 2018.</ref> As of 2017, Russia is planning to begin building the lunar base in the 2030s.<ref name='Litvak Moon 2016'/>

==See also==
*[[Lunar resources]]
*[[Soviet crewed lunar programs]]

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
* [http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna-glob.htm Luna-Glob at Skyrocket]
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_2014.html Luna-Glob at RussianSpaceweb]
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Luna-Glob - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 13:19, 23 August 2023