PinkMelon at 20:12, 21 August 2023

2023-08-21T20:12:33Z

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{{notability|August 2023}}
{{Short description|Russian lunar lander}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Luna 25
| names_list = Luna-Glob lander
| image = Maquette-Luna-Glob-Lander-b-DSC 0075.jpg
| image_caption = Luna 25 lunar lander mock-up
| image_size = 300px
| mission_type = [[Technology]], [[Reconnaissance]]
| operator = [[Russian Space Research Institute|SRI RAS (IKI RAN)]]
| website = https://iki.cosmos.ru/missions/luna-25
| mission_duration = 1 year (planned) Actual: <0 days (mission failure)<ref name="forbes-20190726">{{cite web|last=Carter|first=Jamie|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2019/07/26/what-is-luna-27-a-soviet-era-moon-digger-revived-to-hunt-for-water-at-the-moons-south-pole/|title=A Soviet-Era "Moon Digger" Program Is Being Revived To Hunt For Water At The Moon's South Pole|work=Forbes|date=26 July 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
| spacecraft_type = Robotic lander
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[Lavochkin|NPO Lavochkin]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|1750|kg}}<ref name="gunters"/>
| landing_mass =
| dry_mass =
| payload_mass = {{cvt|30|kg}}
| dimensions =
| launch_date = {{Start date|11 August 2023, 23:10:57.189 UTC}}<ref name="Leonard 2023">{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Russia launches Luna 25 moon lander, its 1st lunar probe in 47 years |url=https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Luna 25 launch broadcast|language=ru |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgi2pIFrnW4&t=4465 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] / [[Fregat]]<ref name="Meet 2014">{{cite conference|last=Mitrofanov|first=Igor|title="Luna-Glob" and "Luna-Resurs": science goals, payload and status |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-6696.pdf|conference=EGU General Assembly 2014}}</ref>
| launch_site = [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]]<ref name="roscosmos-20210820">{{cite web |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/32248/ |title=Запуск станции «Луна-25» запланирован на май 2022 года |trans-title=The launch of the Luna 25 spacecraft is scheduled for May 2022 |work=[[Roscosmos]] |date=10 August 2021 |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>
| launch_contractor =
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = lander
| object = [[Moon]]
| arrival_date = 21 August 2023 (planned) Actual: Crashed on lunar surface on 19 August 2023 at 11:57 UTC due to technical glitch.
| location = 69°32′42″ S 43°32′38.4″ E (north of the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky]]) (planned)}}
| trans_band = 
| trans_frequency = 
| trans_bandwidth = 
| trans_capacity = 
| insignia =
| insignia_caption =
| insignia_size = 200px
| programme = [[Luna-Glob|Luna-Glob programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Luna 24]]
| next_mission = [[Luna 26]]
}}
'''Luna 25''' was a Russian lunar [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] mission by [[Roscosmos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm|title=Chandrayaan-3 Vs Russia's Luna-25 Which one is likely to win the space race|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref> that was scheduled to land near the [[lunar south pole]] at the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky]]. Initially called '''Luna-Glob lander''', it was renamed Luna 25 to emphasize the continuity of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Luna programme]] from the 1970s, though it is still part of what was at one point conceptualized as the [[Luna-Glob]] lunar exploration program. It is the first lunar probe that the Russian space agency [[Roscosmos]] has sent to the Moon (notwithstanding the ones sent by the [[Soviet space program]]) and would have been the first probe to land on the lunar south pole.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Luna 25 could land on the moon days before Chandrayaan-3: How the two missions compare |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/russias-luna-25-chandrayaan-3-how-the-two-missions-compare-8890955/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The Luna 25 mission lifted off on August 10, 2023, 23:10 UTC, atop a [[Soyuz-2#Soyuz-2.1b|Soyuz-2.1b]] rocket from the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] in Russia's far eastern [[Amur Region]].<ref name="Leonard 2023" />

On 20 August 2023, it crashed on the Moon's surface during de-orbiting after technical glitches. Later on the same day, the Russian space agency Roscosmos declared that the Luna 25 crashed into the Moon surface and the lander no longer exists.<ref name=gunters>{{cite web|last=Krebs|first=Gunter|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna-glob.htm|title=Luna-Glob (Luna 25)|work=Gunter's Space Page|date=3 December 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/as-chandrayaan-3-and-luna-25-prepare-to-land-on-moon-two-questions-8898944/|title=As Chandrayaan-3 and Luna 25 prepare to land on Moon, two questions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/news/gk-roskosmos-ob-avtomaticheskoy-stancii-luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Preliminary data shows Luna-25 lunar probe collided with Moon’s surface – Roscosmos |url=https://tass.com/science/1662683 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=TASS}}</ref>

== History ==
The previous Soviet lunar lander was [[Luna 24]] in 1976. Nascent plans for what became Luna 25 began in the late 1990s, with the evaluation of two spacecraft designs having taken place by 1998. Attempts to revive and complete the project continued throughout the 2000s and were punctuated by an aborted attempt at international cooperation via a merger with [[JAXA]]'s now-cancelled [[Lunar-A]] orbiter, and pressure from another attempted cooperative lunar mission with [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) (which [[Chandrayaan-2|continued without Russia's involvement]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob.html |title=Luna-Glob project|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=19 June 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

Initial mission plans called for a lander and orbiter, with the latter also deploying impact penetrators. In its current form, Luna 25 is a lander only, with a primary mission of proving out the [[Moon landing|landing technology]]. The mission carries {{cvt|30|kg}} of scientific instruments, including a [[robotic arm]] for soil samples and possible [[drilling rig|drilling hardware]].<ref name=gunters/><ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob_lander.html|title=The Luna-Glob lander|work=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=9 October 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

Delays in the 2010s came first from the significant rework and delay brought on by the failure of [[Phobos-Grunt]] in 2011. This is the point at which the modern Luna 25 design was developed. Later, work on the lander was slowed by resource pressures being placed upon spacecraft developer [[Lavochkin|NPO Lavochkin]], such as the [[weather satellite]] [[Elektro-L No.2]] and the [[Spektr-RG]] observatory<ref>{{cite web |last=Zak|first=Anatoly|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob_2013.html|title=Luna-Glob (Luna 25) project in 2013|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=11 December 2017|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> as well the landing platform Russia was contributing to [[ExoMars 2020]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna-glob-status-2015.html|title=Development of the Luna-Glob project in 2014 and 2015|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=12 January 2018|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

By 2017, the propulsion system for the spacecraft was in assembly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna-glob-2017.html|title=Luna-Glob's stop and go |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=31 March 2018|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

The intended landing site is located at {{coords|69.545|S|43.544|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 primary landing site}} (north of the crater [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslavsky]]), with two reserve areas located at {{coords|68.773|S|21.210|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 alternate landing site}} (southwest of the Manzini crater) and {{coords|68.648|S|11.553|E|globe:moon|display=inline|format=dec|name=Luna 25 alternate landing site}} (south of [[Pentland (crater)|Pentland A]] crater).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ЛУНА-25 {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/missions/luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref>

The estimated mission duration of the lander on the surface of the Moon was at least one Earth year.<ref name=":0" />

== Flight ==
{{external media
| title = External video
| align = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYVEKggrZUM Luna-25 launch]
}}

The launch took place on 10 August 2023 on a [[Soyuz-2]] rocket with [[Fregat]] upper stage from [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]].<ref name="Leonard 2023" /><ref name="tass-20230605">{{cite web |url=https://tass.ru/kosmos/17932551 |title=Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа |trans-title=The launch of the first mission to the Moon in the history of modern Russia was scheduled for August 11 |language=ru |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=TASS}}</ref><ref name="ria-20220408">{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20220408/kosmos-1782483820.html |title=Запуск миссии "Луна-25" с космодрома Восточный запланировали на 22 августа |trans-title=The launch of the Luna 25 mission from the Vostochny Cosmodrome was scheduled for August 22 |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="ria-20200317">{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20200317/1568701598.html|title=Россия запустит космический аппарат на Луну 1 октября 2021 года|trans-title=Russia will launch a spacecraft to the moon on October 1, 2021|agency=RIA Novosti|date=17 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|language=ru}}</ref> On August 16, the probe entered lunar orbit, with a scheduled landing date of 21 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Luna-25 spacecraft enters lunar orbit -space agency |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/russias-luna-25-spacecraft-enters-lunar-orbit-space-agency-2023-08-16/ |work=Reuters |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 August Roscosmos declared an "abnormal situation" on the lander after issuing an unsuccessful command for a small engine burn, moving the lander into a "pre-landing" orbit. On 20 August it was confirmed by Roscosmos that the probe crashed on the lunar surface after contact was lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Госкорпорация «Роскосмос» |url=https://t.me/roscosmos_gk/10535 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2023-08-19 |title=Is Luna 25 alive? Russia says an “emergency situation” has occurred |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/08/russia-seems-to-have-lost-contact-with-its-first-lunar-probe-in-half-a-century/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» {{!}} Space Research Institute - IKI |url=https://iki.cosmos.ru/news/gk-roskosmos-ob-avtomaticheskoy-stancii-luna-25 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=iki.cosmos.ru}}</ref>

== Science payload ==
[[File:001_Луна_25_(4).jpg|thumb|Proposed landing sites]]
The lander featured a {{cvt|30|kg}} payload composed by 8 Russian science instruments:<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 25 (Luna-Glob Lander) Payload|url=http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/luna25.htm |website=Iki.rssi.ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NASA - Spacecraft Luna 25 - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=LUNA-25 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
* ADRON-LR, active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith
* ARIES-L, measurement of [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] in the exosphere
* LASMA-LR, laser mass-spectrometer
* LIS-TV-RPM, infrared spectrometry of minerals and imaging
* PmL, measurement of dust and micro-meteorites
* THERMO-L, measurement of the thermal properties of regolith
* STS-L, panoramic and local imaging
* Laser [[retroreflector]], Moon libration and ranging experiments

LINA-XSAN, a Swedish payload, was originally to fly with Luna 25, but delays to the launch date caused Sweden to cancel this plan. Instead, LINA-XSAN flew on [[Chang'e 4]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pillet |first=Nicolas|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/06/russias-luna-glob-technical-political-ballistic-issues/|title=Russia's Luna-Glob faces technical, political and ballistic issues |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=25 June 2018|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

ESA's PILOT-D navigation demonstration camera was planned to be flown on this mission, but is already being procured from a commercial service provider and will fly along with them on their mission,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA's PROSPECT lunar drill (originally scheduled to fly on Luna-27) will now fly on a NASA CLPS mission. ESA's PILoT-D (originally planned for Luna 25) navigation camera is "already being procured from a commercial service provider."|url=https://twitter.com/europespace360/status/1514233988579315721 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> due to continued international collaboration having been thrown into doubt by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and related sanctions on Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine is redrawing the geopolitics of space |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00727-x |journal=Nature |access-date=13 March 2022 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00727-x |date=11 March 2022|pmid=35277688 |s2cid=247407886 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirecting ESA programmes in response to geopolitical crisis |url=https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Redirecting_ESA_programmes_in_response_to_geopolitical_crisis |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> The demonstrative instrument was supposed to collect data for the landing of other missions and was therefore not part of the probe's operating system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Europe halts moon exploration partnership with Russia, looks to replace Ukraine-built rocket engines |url=https://www.space.com/europe-moon-pertnership-russia-ukraine-rocket-engines |work=Space.com |date=13 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Chandrayaan-3]]
* [[Chang'e 6]]
* [[Lunar water]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite web |title=Flight of Luna 25 to the Moon |url=https://spec.tass.ru/luna-25/zapusk-luny-25/polyot |website=spec.tass.ru |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=Russian}}
* [http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Home/moone.htm Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow University]
* [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna.php Soviet Luna Chronology]
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/luna/luna.html Exploring the Moon: Luna Missions]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVbIqcpHcOg Luna-25 Mission Live Tracking]

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Russian space program}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}

[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Russian space probes]]
[[Category:Russian lunar exploration program]]
[[Category:2023 in Russia]]
[[Category:2023 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2023]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets]]
[[Category:2023 on the Moon]]

Luna 25 - Revision history

PinkMelon at 20:12, 21 August 2023