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{{short description|Southernmost point of the Moon's rotational axis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Moon South Pole.jpg|thumbnail|right|Lunar south polar region (>70°S): mosaic of ~1500 images taken by the [[Clementine (spacecraft)|''Clementine'']] spacecraft.]]
[[File:4574 LROMoonFrost MASTER.webm|thumb|A view of the south pole of the Moon showing where reflectance and temperature data indicate the possible presence of surface water ice.]]

The '''Lunar South Pole''' is the southernmost point on the Moon, at 90°S. It is of special interest to scientists because of the occurrence of [[lunar water|water ice]] in [[Crater of eternal darkness|permanently shadowed areas]] around it. The lunar south pole region features craters that are unique in that the near-constant sunlight does not reach their interior. Such craters are [[cold trap (astronomy)|cold traps]] that contain a fossil record of hydrogen, water ice, and other volatiles dating from the [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|early Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |url=https://www.space.com/5018-nasa-takes-aim-moon-double-sledgehammer.html |title=NASA Takes Aim at Moon with Double Sledgehammer |publisher=[[Space.com]] |access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref><ref name="look"/> In contrast, the [[lunar north pole]] region exhibits a much lower quantity of similarly sheltered craters.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 3, 1996
|url=http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/nasaNAS~4~4~24613~128290:South-Pole-Region-of-the-Moon-as-Se?qvq=q:moon+south+pole;lc:NVA2~35~35,NVA2~32~32,NVA2~31~31,NVA2~19~19,nasaNAS~16~16,nasaNAS~2~2,NSVS~3~3,nasaNAS~9~9,NVA2~4~4,NVA2~15~15,NVA2~24~24,NVA2~29~29,nasaNAS~12~12,nasaNAS~8~8,nasaNAS~7~7,NVA2~22~22,nasaNAS~10~10,NVA2~13~13,NVA2~18~18,NVA2~27~27,NVA2~9~9,NVA2~1~1,nasaNAS~6~6,NVA2~25~25,NVA2~20~20,nasaNAS~13~13,nasaNAS~22~22,NVA2~16~16,NVA2~8~8,nasaNAS~5~5,nasaNAS~4~4,NVA2~28~28,NVA2~14~14,nasaNAS~20~20,NVA2~17~17,NVA2~30~30,NVA2~21~21,NVA2~26~26,NVA2~23~23,NVA2~44~44,NVA2~42~42,NVA2~38~38,NVA2~45~45,NVA2~39~39,NVA2~43~43,NVA2~41~41,NVA2~37~37,NVA2~49~49,NVA2~53~53,NVA2~51~51,NVA2~56~56,NVA2~47~47,NVA2~54~54,NVA2~33~33,NVA2~36~36,NVA2~34~34,NVA2~57~57,NVA2~52~52,NVA2~48~48,NVA2~50~50,NVA2~46~46,NVA2~55~55,NVA2~58~58,NVA2~62~62,NVA2~60~60,NVA2~59~59,NVA2~61~61&mi=13&trs=278
|title=South Pole Region of the Moon as Seen by Clementine |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Lunar south pole summer_annotated.jpg|thumbnail|right|The several hundred kilometer wide Lunar south polar region as irradiated during summer. The south pole lies at the rim of [[Shackleton (crater)|Shackleton crater]]. The region is shadowed by the well illuminated [[Leibnitz plateau]], flanked on the right by the [[Nobile (crater)|Nobile crater]] and to the left by the partly shadowed [[Malapert (crater)|Malapert crater]] and its Malapert peak illuminated at the rim of [[Haworth (crater)|Haworth crater]].]]
The lunar south pole is located on the center of the polar Antarctic Circle (80°S to 90°S).<ref name="look">[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100927_southpole.html Lunar South Pole.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624030152/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100927_southpole.html |date=24 June 2017 }} NASA. 2017. Accessed on 16 July 2019.</ref><ref>[https://xefer.com/2011/10/lunar-arctic-circle The Lunar Arctic Circle.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229020853/https://xefer.com/2011/10/lunar-arctic-circle |date=29 December 2018 }} ''Xefer''. October 10, 2011.</ref> (The axis spin is 88.5 degrees from the plane of the elliptic.) The lunar south pole has shifted 5 degrees from its original position billions of years ago.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} This shift has changed the rotational axis of the Moon, allowing sunlight to reach previously shadowed areas, but the south pole still features some completely shadowed areas. Conversely, the pole also contains areas with permanent exposure to sunlight. The south pole region features many craters and basins such as the [[South Pole–Aitken basin]], which appears to be one of the most fundamental features of the Moon,<ref name="daddy">{{cite journal |bibcode=1995LPI....26.1339S |title=Physical Environment of the Lunar South Pole from Clementine Data: Implications for Future Exploration of the Moon |journal=Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |volume=26 |pages=1339 |last1=Spudis |first1=P. D. |last2=Stockstill |first2=K. R. |last3=Ockels |first3=W. J. |last4=Kruijff |first4=M. |year=1995}}</ref> and mountains, such as Epsilon Peak at 9.050 km, taller than any mountain found on Earth.<ref name="orange">[https://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-wdf-ucm-webContent/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia/Planetary_Science/binders/moon/moon_images/lunar_south_pole_1.html Lunar South Pole] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162941/https://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-wdf-ucm-webContent/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia/Planetary_Science/binders/moon/moon_images/lunar_south_pole_1.html |date=18 April 2017 }}. (2017). Fossweb.com. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</ref> The south pole temperature averages at approximately {{cvt|260|K|C F}}.<ref name="daddy"/>

===Craters===
The pole defined by the rotational axis of the Moon lies within [[Shackleton (crater)|Shackleton Crater]]. Notable [[List of craters on the Moon|craters]] nearest to the lunar south pole include [[De Gerlache (crater)|De Gerlache]], [[Sverdrup (crater)|Sverdrup]], [[Shoemaker (lunar crater)|Shoemaker]], [[Faustini (crater)|Faustini]], [[Haworth (crater)|Haworth]], [[Nobile (crater)|Nobile]], and [[Cabeus (crater)|Cabeus]].

==Discoveries==
[[File:Starry night.jpg|thumb|Degree of the slopes found near the south pole of the Moon]]

===Illumination===

The lunar south pole features a region with crater rims exposed to near constant solar illumination, yet the interior of the craters are permanently shaded from sunlight. The area's illumination was studied using high resolution digital models produced from data by the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]].<ref name="set"/> The lunar surface can also reflect [[solar wind]] as energetic neutral atoms. On average, 16% of these atoms have been protons that varies based on location. These atoms have created an integral flux of [[backscatter]]ed hydrogen atoms due to the reflected amount of [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] that exists on the surface of the Moon. They also reveal the line boundary and the magnetic dynamics within the regions of these neutral atoms on the Moon' surface.<ref>Vorburger, A. (2015). "Imaging the South Pole–Aitken basin in backscattered neutral hydrogen atoms." ''Planetary And Space Science'', 115, 57–63.</ref>

===Cold traps===

[[Cold trap (astronomy)|Cold traps]] are some of the important places on the lunar south pole region in terms of possible water ice and other volatile deposits. Cold traps can contain water and ice that were originally from [[comet]]s, [[meteorite]]s and [[solar wind]]-induced iron reduction. From experiments and sample readings, scientists were able to confirm that cold traps do contain ice. [[Hydroxyl]] has also been found in these cold traps. The discovery of these two compounds has led to the funding of missions focusing primarily on the lunar poles using global scale infrared detection. The ice stays in these traps because of the thermal behavior of the Moon that are controlled by thermophysical properties such as scattered sunlight, [[thermal radiation|thermal re-radiation]], internal heat and light given off by the Earth.<ref name="mama"/>

===Magnetic surface===

There are areas of the Moon where the crust is magnetized. This is known as a magnetic anomaly due to the remnants of metal iron that was emplaced by the impactor that formed the [[South Pole–Aitken basin]] (SPA basin). However, the concentration of iron that is thought to be in the basin was not present in the mappings, as they could be too deep in the Moon's crust for the mappings to detect. Or the magnetic anomaly is caused by another factor that does not involve metallic properties. The findings were proven inadequate due to the inconsistencies between the maps that were used, and also, they were not able to detect the magnitude of the magnetic fluctuations at the Moon's surface.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.035 |title=Surveying the South Pole–Aitken basin magnetic anomaly for remnant impactor metallic iron |journal=Icarus |volume=243 |pages=27–30 |year=2014 |last1=Cahill |first1=Joshua T.S. |last2=Hagerty |first2=Justin J. |last3=Lawrence |first3=David J. |last4=Klima |first4=Rachel L. |last5=Blewett |first5=David T. |bibcode=2014Icar..243...27C}}</ref>{{update inline|date=July 2019}}

==Exploration==
===Missions===
[[File:Lunar south pole.jpg|thumbnail|right|Lunar south polar region map (>80°S).]]
Orbiters from several countries have [[exploration of the Moon|explored]] the region around the lunar south pole. Extensive studies were conducted by the [[Lunar Orbiter program|Lunar Orbiters]], [[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]], [[Lunar Prospector]], [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], [[SELENE|Kaguya]], and [[Chandrayaan-1]], that discovered the presence of [[lunar water]]. [[NASA|NASA's]] [[LCROSS]] mission found a significant amount of water in [[Cabeus (crater)|Cabeus]].<ref>{{cite news
|date=November 13, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/14/science/14moon.html?_r=1&hp |title=LCROSS Mission Finds Water on Moon, NASA Scientists Say
|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 4, 2010 |first=Kenneth
|last=Chang}}</ref> NASA's [[LCROSS]] mission deliberately crashed into the floor of Cabeus and from samples found that it contained nearly 5% water.<ref>[(2017). Retrieved 29 March 2017, from https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/lessonkit/Diviner-Planning%20a%20Mission%20to%20South%20Pole.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104150131/https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/lessonkit/Diviner-Planning%20a%20Mission%20to%20South%20Pole.pdf |date=4 January 2023 }}]</ref>

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) was launched on 18 June 2009 and is still mapping the lunar south pole region. This mission will help scientists see if the lunar south pole region has enough sustainable resources to sustain a permanent crewed station. The LRO carries the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment, which is investigating the radiation and thermophysical properties of the south pole surface. It can detect reflected solar radiation and internal infrared emissions. The LRO Diviner is able to detect where [[Lunar water|water ice]] could be trapped on the surface.<ref name="mama">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2016.01.013 |title=Thermal behavior of regolith at cold traps on the Moon's south pole: Revealed by Chang'E-2 microwave radiometer data |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=122 |pages=101 |year=2016 |last1=Wei |first1=Guangfei |last2=Li |first2=Xiongyao |last3=Wang |first3=Shijie |bibcode=2016P&SS..122..101W}}</ref>

The [[Moon Impact Probe]] (MIP) developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), India's national space agency, was a lunar probe that was released by ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1]] lunar remote sensing orbiter which in turn was launched, on 22 October 2008. The [[Moon Impact Probe]] separated from the Moon-orbiting [[Chandrayaan-1]] on 14 November 2008, 20:06 IST and after nearly 25 minutes crashed as planned, near the rim of [[Shackleton Crater]]. With this mission [[India]] became the first to soft land or impact on Lunar South pole.

Russia launched its [[Luna 25]] lunar lander on August 10, 2023. Luna-25 spent five days journeying to the Moon, then was circling the natural satellite for another five to seven days. The spacecraft then was planned to be set down in the Moon's south polar region, near [[Boguslawsky (crater)|Boguslawsky crater]]. Luna developed an "emergency situation" that occurred during the reduction of the probe to a pre-landing orbit, the lunar lander abruptly lost communication at 2:57 p.m. (11:57 GMT). Luna 25 is a lander only, with a primary mission of proving the landing technology. The mission was carrying {{cvt|30|kg}} of scientific instruments, including a robotic arm for soil samples and possible drilling hardware.<ref name=gunters>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob_lander.html|title=The Luna-Glob lander|work=RussianSpaceWeb.com|date=9 October 2019|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> The launch took place as planned on 10 August 2023<ref name="tass-20230605">{{cite web |url=https://tass.ru/kosmos/17932551 |title=Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа |trans-title=The launch of the first mission to the Moon in the history of modern Russia was scheduled for August 11 |language=ru |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=TASS}}</ref> on a [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] rocket with [[Fregat]] upper stage, from [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]].<ref name="ria-20220408">{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20220408/kosmos-1782483820.html |title=Запуск миссии "Луна-25" с космодрома Восточный запланировали на 22 августа |trans-title=The launch of the Luna-25 mission from the Vostochny Cosmodrome was scheduled for August 22 |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="ria-20200317">{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20200317/1568701598.html|title=Россия запустит космический аппарат на Луну 1 октября 2021 года|trans-title=Russia will launch a spacecraft to the moon on October 1, 2021|agency=RIA Novosti|date=17 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|language=ru}}</ref>

==Successful Missions==
On August 23, 2023, 18:04 IST, India's [[Chandrayaan-3]] became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing on the lunar south pole, two days after [[Luna 25]] crashed on 21 August 2023. This was due to the Engine that was supposed to put the spacecraft into pre-landing orbit working for 127 seconds instead of the planned 84 seconds. This was the main cause of the probe's crash.

===Role in the future exploration and observations===
The lunar south pole region is deemed as a compelling spot for future exploration missions and suitable for a lunar outpost. The permanently shadowed places on the Moon could contain ice and other minerals, which would be vital resources for future explorers. The mountain peaks near the pole are illuminated for large periods of time and could be used to provide solar energy to an outpost. With an outpost on the Moon scientists will be able to analyze water and other volatile samples dating back to the [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|formation of the Solar System]].<ref name="look"/>

Scientists used LOLA (Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter), which was a device used by [[NASA]] to provide an accurate topographic model of the Moon.<ref>[NASA – LOLA. (2017). Nasa.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2017, from https://lola.gsfc.nasa.gov/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205231722/https://lola.gsfc.nasa.gov/ |date=5 February 2017 }}]</ref> With this data locations near the south pole at Connecting Ridge, which connects Shackleton Crater to the de Gerlache crater,<ref name="set">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.013 |title=Illumination conditions at the lunar south pole using high resolution Digital Terrain Models from LOLA |journal=Icarus |volume=243 |pages=78–90 |year=2014 |last1=Gläser |first1=P. |last2=Scholten |first2=F. |last3=De Rosa |first3=D. |last4=Marco Figuera |first4=R. |last5=Oberst |first5=J. |last6=Mazarico |first6=E. |last7=Neumann |first7=G.A. |last8=Robinson |first8=M.S. |bibcode=2014Icar..243...78G}}</ref> were found that yielded sunlight for 92.27–95.65% of the time based on altitude ranging from 2 m above ground to 10 m above ground. At the same spots, it was discovered that the longest continuous periods of darkness were only 3 to 5 days.<ref name="set"/>

The lunar south pole is a place where scientists may be able to perform unique astronomical observations of radio waves under 30 MHz. The Chinese [[Chang'e 4#Longjiang microsatellites|''Longjiang'' microsatellites]] were launched in May 2018 to orbit the Moon, and ''Longjiang-2'' operated in this frequency until 31 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2019/longjiang-2-impacts-moon.html|title=Lunar Orbiter Longjiang-2 Smashes into Moon|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=planet4589 |number=1156732417950048256 |title=The Chinese Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) lunar orbiting spacecraft completed its mission on Jul 31 at about 1420 UTC, in a planned i[m]pact on the lunar surface. |date=31 July 2019 |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="microorbiters">[https://gbtimes.com/change-4-lunar-far-side-mission-to-carry-microsatellites-for-pioneering-astronomy Chang'e-4 lunar far side mission to carry microsatellites for pioneering astronomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309170851/https://gbtimes.com/change-4-lunar-far-side-mission-to-carry-microsatellites-for-pioneering-astronomy |date=9 March 2018 }}. Andrew Jones, ''GB Times''. March 2018.</ref><ref name="C4 Payload">[http://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/planetary-and-space-science/2018/Jia_et_al_The_Chang-E-4_Mission_Planetary_and_Space_Science_in_press_(2017).pdf The scientific objectives and payloads of Chang'E−4 mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819083527/http://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/planetary-and-space-science/2018/Jia_et_al_The_Chang-E-4_Mission_Planetary_and_Space_Science_in_press_(2017).pdf |date=19 August 2019 }}. (PDF) Yingzhuo Jia, Yongliao Zou, Jinsong Ping, Changbin Xue, Jun Yan, Yuanming Ning. ''Planetary and Space Science''. 21 February 2018. {{doi|10.1016/j.pss.2018.02.011}}</ref> Before ''Longjiang-2'', no space observatory had been able to observe astronomical radio waves in this frequency because interference waves from equipment on Earth. Though facing Earth the lunar south pole has mountains and basins, like the south side of [[Malapert Mountain]] that are not facing Earth and would be an ideal place to receive such astronomical radio signals from a ground radio observatory.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00540-4 |title=A concept for a simple radio observatory at the lunar south pole |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=2473–2478 |year=2003 |last1=Takahashi |first1=Yuki D. |bibcode=2003AdSpR..31.2473T}}</ref>

===Resources===
{{main|Lunar resources}}
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em;text-align:center;"
|+Lunar surface chemical composition<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Stuart R.|date=1975|title=Lunar Science: a Post-Apollo View|url=https://archive.org/details/lunarsciencepost0000tayl|url-access=limited|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsciencepost0000tayl/page/64 64]|isbn=978-0080182742}}</ref>
!rowspan=2 valign=top|Compound!!rowspan=2 valign=top|Formula!!colspan=2|Composition
|-
!style=font-size:smaller|[[Lunar mare|Maria]]!!style=font-size:smaller|Highlands
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[Silicon dioxide|silica]]||SiO2||45.4%||45.5%
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[Aluminium oxide|alumina]]||Al2O3||14.9%||24.0%
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[Calcium oxide|lime]]||CaO||11.8%||15.9%
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[iron(II) oxide]]||FeO||14.1%||5.9%
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]]||MgO||9.2%||7.5%
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[titanium dioxide]]||TiO2||3.9%||0.6%
|-
|style=text-align:left|[[sodium oxide]]||Na2O||0.6%||0.6%
|-
!colspan=2|Total||99.9%!!100.0%
|}
Solar power, oxygen, and metals are abundant resources in the south polar region.<ref name='Hugo 2019'>[https://www.thespaceresource.com/news/2019/4/why-the-lunar-south-pole Why the Lunar South Pole?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905223225/https://www.thespaceresource.com/news/2019/4/why-the-lunar-south-pole |date=5 September 2020 }} Adam Hugo. ''The Space Resource''. 25 April 2019.</ref> By locating a lunar resource processing facility near the south pole, solar-generated electrical power will allow for nearly constant operation.<ref>[https://space.nss.org/lunar-resources-unlocking-the-space-frontier/ Lunar Resources: Unlocking the Space Frontier.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717043527/https://space.nss.org/lunar-resources-unlocking-the-space-frontier/ |date=17 July 2019 }} Paul D. Spudis. ''Ad Astra'', Volume 23 Number 2, Summer 2011. Published by the National Space Society. Retrieved on 16 July 2019.</ref> Elements known to be present on the lunar surface include, among others, [[hydrogen]] (H),<ref>{{cite web | author = S. Maurice | title = Distribution of hydrogen at the surface of the moon | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1867.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217170442/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1867.pdf | archive-date = 2008-12-17 }}</ref> [[oxygen]] (O), [[silicon]] (Si), [[iron]] (Fe), [[magnesium]] (Mg), [[calcium]] (Ca), [[aluminium]] (Al), [[manganese]] (Mn) and [[titanium]] (Ti). Among the more abundant are oxygen, iron and silicon. The oxygen content is estimated at 45% (by weight).
{{clear}}

===Future===

[[Blue Origin]] is planning a mission to the south polar region in about 2024.<ref name='Howell 2018'>[https://www.space.com/42010-moon-race-lunar-tech-2024-blue-origin-airbus.html 'Moon Race' Backed by Blue Origin, Airbus Aims for 2024 Lunar Flight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125054924/https://www.space.com/42010-moon-race-lunar-tech-2024-blue-origin-airbus.html |date=25 November 2020 }}. Elizabeth Howell, ''Space.com''. October 3, 2018.</ref><ref name="INverse-2017-04-07" /><ref name=WashPost-2017-03-02>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/03/02/an-exclusive-look-at-jeff-bezos-plan-to-set-up-amazon-like-delivery-for-future-human-settlement-of-the-moon/ |title=An exclusive look at Jeff Bezos's plan to set up Amazon-like delivery for 'future human settlement' of the moon |author= Christian Davenport |date=2 March 2017 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] }}</ref> The ''Blue Moon'' lander derives from the [[VTVL|vertical landing technology]] used in Blue Origin's [[New Shepard]] sub-orbital rocket.<ref name=MotleyFool-2017-03-06>{{cite news |url= https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/03/06/blue-origin-boss-jeff-bezos-lays-out-his-plan-for.aspx |title= Blue Origin Boss Jeff Bezos Lays Out His Plan for Space |author= Rich Smith |date= 6 March 2017 |publisher=[[The Motley Fool]]}}</ref> This would lead to a series of missions landing equipment for a crewed base in a south polar region crater using their [[Blue Moon (spacecraft)|Blue Moon lander]].<ref name=INverse-2017-04-07>{{cite news |url= https://www.inverse.com/article/30049-blue-origin-moon-lander-nasa |title= Blue Origin is Still Going to the Moon, Even if Mars is Hip |author= Monica Hunter-Hart |date= 7 April 2017 |publisher= inVerse}}</ref><ref name=WashPost-2017-03-02/>

NASA's [[Artemis program]] has proposed to land several robotic landers and rovers ([[Commercial Lunar Payload Services|CLPS]]) in preparation for the 2025 [[Artemis 3]] crewed landing at the south polar region.<ref name="a3-2">{{Cite web|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=For Artemis Mission to Moon, NASA Seeks to Add Billions to Budget| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html| website=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=25 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525034839/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html |archive-date=25 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019| quote=Under the NASA plan, a mission to land on the moon would take place during the third launch of the Space Launch System. Astronauts, including the first woman to walk on the moon, Mr. Bridenstine said, would first stop at the orbiting lunar outpost. They would then take a lander to the surface near its south pole, where frozen water exists within the craters.| url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Colonization of the Moon#Polar regions|Colonization of the Moon polar regions]]
*[[Face on Moon South Pole]]
*[[Geology of the Moon]]
*[[Lunar north pole]]
*[[Lunar resources]]
*[[Selenography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search?pmi-target=moon USGS Astrogeology Science Center: Moon]
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102161816/https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/SolarSystem/Earth/Moon/|date=|title=USGS Astrogeology: Earth's Moon}}

{{The Moon}}

[[Category:Moon|South Pole]]

Lunar south pole - Revision history

WikiDwarf at 14:27, 23 August 2023