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{{Short description|Indians of Portuguese birth or descent}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Luso-Indians
|flag = {{flagicon|Portugal}} {{flagicon|India}}
|image = [[File:Kolkata Derozio statue.jpg|94px]]
|caption = [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]]
|poptime =
|regions = [[Goa]]{{·}}[[Vasai]]{{·}}[[Daman and Diu]]{{·}}[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]{{·}}[[Kerala]]{{·}}[[Tamil Nadu]]
|langs = Predominantly: [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], including [[Daman and Diu Portuguese]]& [[Korlai Indo-Portuguese]] and other [[Indo-Portuguese Creoles]]{{·}}[[Konkani language|Konkani]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]<br/>
Minority: [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]{{·}}[[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{·}}[[Marathi language|Marathi]]{{·}}[[Kannada]]{{·}}Other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
|rels = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
|related = [[Portuguese Burghers]]{{·}}[[Goan Catholics]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]], [[East Indian Catholics]], [[Daman and Diu Portuguese]]
}}
'''Luso-Indians''' or '''Portuguese-Indian''', is a subgroup of the larger [[multiracial]] ethnic [[creole people]] of [[Luso-Asians]]. '''Luso-Indians''' are people who have mixed varied Indian subcontinent and [[European Portuguese]] ancestry or people of Portuguese descent born or living or originating in former [[Portuguese India]]n colonies, the most important of which were [[Goa and Damaon]] of the [[Konkan region]] in the present-day Republic of India (formerly [[British India]]), and their descendants/ diaspora around the world, the [[Anglosphere]], [[Lusosphere]], [[Portuguese East Indies]] etc. Luso-Asians of the Indian subcontinent are primarily from [[Goa, Damaon& Diu]], [[Mangalore]], [[Korlai Indo-Portuguese|Korlai]] ([[Chaul]]), [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Silvassa]], [[Cape Comorin]], and [[Fort Cochin]].<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Europeans-in-South-Asia.html : Countries and Their Cultures – Europeans in South Asia]</ref><ref>Charles, H. (2011). A history of the inquisition of Spain: And the inquisition in the Spanish dependencies. I. B. Tauris.</ref> There are also a number of [[New Christian]] Brahmins and Cxatrias with [[Portuguese names]] but do not necessarily possess European ancestry, being named as such in the process of their conversion to [[Christianisation of Goa|Western Christianity]] by Portuguese missionaries in the sixteenth century. This was done to prevent caste-based discrimination among the native converts.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13205|hdl = 10603/13205|title = Social history of Luso-Indians in Kerala|journal = University|last1 = Dias|first1 = Charles}}</ref> Nevertheless, they are in many cases indistinguishable from the wider Luso-Indian population.

==History==

===Early history===
{{Main|Portuguese India}}
[[File:Calicut 1572.jpg|right|thumb|City of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], India, c.1572 (from [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg's atlas ''[[Civitates orbis terrarum]]'')]]
[[File:European settlements in India 1501-1739.png|thumb|right|250px|Portuguese and other European settlements in 1726]]
In the 16th Century, a thousand years after the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the Portuguese became the first European power to begin trading in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>[http://www.gpmsdbaweb.com/memoir2/Genealogy/IndoEuropeans.htm : Indo Europeans – Europeans in India]</ref> They were in [[South India]] a few years before the [[Mughal Empire|Moghul]]s appeared in the North. In the early 16th century, they set up their [[Factory (trading post)|trading posts (factories)]] throughout the coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with their capital in [[Goa]] in South West India on the [[Malabar Coast]].

In 1498, the number of Europeans residents in the area was merely a few tens of thousands. By 1580, Goa was a sophisticated city with its own brand of Indo-Portuguese society. Early in the development of Portuguese society in India, the Portuguese Admiral [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] encouraged Portuguese soldiers to marry native women and this was termed as Politicos dos casamentos.

The Portuguese also shipped over many [[órfãs d'El-Rei]] to [[Portuguese India]], Goa in particular. Orfas del Rei literally translates to "Orphans of the King", and they were Portuguese girls sent to overseas territories to marry either Portuguese settlers or natives with high status.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

===Arrival of other Europeans===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}
The English, French and Dutch East India Companies became active in Far East trading in a meaningful way about a hundred and fifty years after the Portuguese. They too set up their posts throughout the Indian Ocean. By the middle of the 17th century there were several thousand Portuguese and Luso-Indians in India and a relatively small population of other Indian-Europeans. By the end of the 17th century, the East India Companies had established three major trading posts in India – Fort St. George ([[Chennai]]), Fort St William ([[Kolkata]]) and [[Bombay Island]]. In 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3000.

==Portuguese speaking communities in Republic of India==

===Korlai===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Korlai is central to a small thriving community of Indo-Portuguese Christians, settled for nearly 500 years on the western coast of India at [[Chaul]] near Mumbai. This is one of the only unique 16 century Portuguese speaking community in India today, where the language has over the decades metamorphosed to [[Korlai Portuguese creole]], a variant mix of the 16th century Portuguese & local Indian languages. The Portuguese left Korlai & Chaul around 1740 & the language also survived due to Portuguese speaking priests, as the priestly diocese was under Goa till early 1960s. It has vigorous use and it is also known as Kristi ("Christian"), Korlai Creole Portuguese, Korlai Portuguese, or Nou Ling ("our language" in the language itself). The small surviving community of a 1600 strong population is an excellent specimen of the cultural diversity, integrity and the extensive trade links of historical India. The place also boasts to be an area where Christian, Hindus, Muslims & Jews have been living together in harmony since centuries within the same region & yet proudly relate themselves as Indians today.

===Goa===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}

[[Goa]] was the capital of a large Portuguese eastern empire and was called "Rome of the East". The area has a diverse history resulting in a rich diversity of ethnicities. One of the those communities is the Luso-Goans whose story is connected with the arrival and conquering of Goa by the Portuguese explorers and Iberian sailors. Luso-Goans ethnicity could be of part [[European ethnic groups|European]], or multiple part European or dominant Asian gene with primarily [[Mughal tribe|Mughal]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} or [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]] origins, while some are of Luso-African-Goan (Multiple-ethnicities) due to Goa's contacts with the African territories of [[Portugal]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]] African colonies. Luso-Goans spoke [[Konkani]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] with present generation adding English as well, and write Konkani in the [[Latin alphabet]]. Portuguese was the language of overseas province governance, however it is now spoken only by a small segment of the upper-class families and about 3 to 5 per cent of the people still speak the official language of 450 years inclusion (estimated at 60,000 to 90,000 people).{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} The last newspaper in Portuguese ended publication in 1980s (i.e. ''[[O Heraldo]]'' switched from Portuguese to English overnight in the mid Eighties). However, the "Fundação do Oriente" and the Indo–Portuguese Friendship Society (Sociedade de Amizade Indo-Portuguesa) are still active. At [[Panaji]] many signs in Portuguese are still visible over shops, administrative buildings etc. although the 20th century [[Republic of India]] invasion and annexation of Goa termed as [[Indian annexation of Goa]] has changed the names. There is a department of Portuguese language at the [[Goa University]] and majority of Luso-Goan students choose Portuguese as their third language in schools. English is spoken as a first language by all upper class Goans. Luso-Goans have a choice to either be fully [[Portugal|Portuguese]] citizens or fully [[India]]n citizens or fully Portuguese citizens with an OCI (Overseas citizenship of India) granted by the [[Indian nationality law]].

The Majority of Luso-Goans from the past noble hierarchy have a well documented family history and heritage recorded and maintained in various archives at Portugal, Goa, Brazil and Britain and many are directly descended and related to royal lineages of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. During the absolute monarchy, nobles of Goa enjoyed the most privileged status and held the most important offices after members of the Kingdom ruling dynasty and major hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} With the introduction of the constitutional monarchy in 1834, the influence of Portuguese Kingdom and its Empire nobles substantially decreased, although the erosion of their power had begun to accelerate from the time of the prime minister, the Marquis de Pombal, in the mid-18th century. After Portugal became a republic in 1910, some Luso-Goan descendants of the nobility at Goa continued to bear their families' titles according to standards sustained by the Portuguese Institute of Nobility (Instituto da Nobreza Portuguesa), traditionally under the authority of the head of the formerly ruling [[House of Braganza]].{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=December 2017}}

===Elsewhere===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}
In the [[Coromandel Coast]], Luso-Indians were generally known as [[Topasses]]. They were Catholics and spoke Portuguese Creole. When England began to rule in India, they began to speak English in place of the Portuguese and also anglicised their names. They are, now, part of the Eurasian community. In [[Negapatam]], in 1883, there were 20 families that spoke Creole Portuguese. There are currently about 2000 people who speak Creole Portuguese in [[Damão]] while in [[Diu, India|Diu]] the language is nearly extinct. About 900 monolingual people currently speak Creole Portuguese in [[Korlai Fort|Korlai]]. In [[Kochi]], Luso-Indians now number about 2,000. There are also a few Catholic families with Portuguese surnames in [[Kochi]], [[Kannur]], [[Tellicherry]], [[Trivandrum]] and [[Calicut]] (no longer in [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]). Among them English replaced Portuguese creole as their family language one, two or three generations ago, so they usually claim that they are Anglo-Indian (or Eurasian) instead of Portuguese, as would have been the case up to the 19th century. In [[North India]], Luso-Indians are only present in [[Kanpur]]. During 18th century Kanpur was an important Portuguese trade centre and had large Portuguese population which declined after colonization by British forces. Portuguese form the large ethnic group among [[Ethnic communities in Kanpur]] at present.

Bondashil, located in the [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]] district of South [[Assam]], had a Portuguese settlement of about 40 families
back in the 17th century. Other in Rangamati in [[Goalpara district]] of Assam and Mariamnagar on the outskirts of [[Tripura]]’s capital [[Agartala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573545/more-bengalis-portuguese.html|title = More Bengalis than Portuguese|date = October 2016}}</ref>

==Portuguese-speaking communities pre-independence British Raj India==

Numerous Luso-Indians and Luso-Goans were based in large cities of the Raj with the majority in Mumbai, and a smaller number in [[Karachi]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=(Lisbonne)|first1=publ. avec les concours du CNRS (Paris) et de la Comissão nacional para as Comemorações dos descobrimentos portugueses|title=Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies.|date=2000|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2845861466|page=425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&q=karachi+goa&pg=PA423|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> and other Indian cities. In the decades following the formation of Pakistan many Goan left for better economic opportunities in the West or the Persian Gulf countries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gabriel|first1=Theodore|title=Christian citizens in an Islamic state : the Pakistan experience|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate Pub.|location=Aldershot, Hants, England|isbn=978-0754660361|pages=14, 19, 22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JCE-lwPHDoC&q=goan&pg=PP1}}</ref> Many Anglo-Indians resided at Karachi as well and often married Luso-Asians{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=December 2017}}. The descendants are part of a minority community and are Pakistani citizens and cannot visit their ancestral family homes at Goa post the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa]] with ease.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Luso-Indians, Luso-Goans outside the Republic of India==
During Portuguese governance in parts of today's Republic of India, many Luso-Indian, Luso-Goan mestiços left the Indian subcontinent for other Portuguese territories and colonies for purposes of trade. Some also became Roman Catholic missionaries in [[Colonial Macau|Macau]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Japan]]. One such mestiço was [[Gonsalo Garcia]], a Catholic saint who [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|was martyred]] in Japan in 1597.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06379a.htm|title = CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Gonsalo Garcia}}</ref> Other Luso-Indians went to Macau, then a Portuguese colony, where they intermarried into the local [[Macanese people|Macanese]] population. Goan mestiços are among the ancestors of many Macanese today. Before heading to Macau, Luso-Indians migrated to [[Malacca]], [[Singapore]], and Indonesia. Still other Luso-Indians went to [[Portuguese Mozambique]]. Known members of the Luso-Indian Mozambican community are [[Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho]], a leader of the [[Carnation Revolution]] against the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] in Portugal, and [[Orlando da Costa]], a writer who was born in Mozambique and lived until the age of 18 in Goa.

During the days of the British empire, many Goans migrated to the British ruled regions in East Africa such as Kenya, and Uganda.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stubbe|first1=Hannes|last2=Pereira|first2=Óscar G.|last3=Borges|first3=Charles J. (Editors)|title=Goa and Portugal : history and development|date=2000|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7022-867-0|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC&q=karachi+goan&pg=PA216}}</ref>
The mestiço children of wealthy Portuguese men were often sent to [[Portugal]] to study. Sometimes they remained there and established families. Many Portuguese-born mestiços became prominent politicians, lawyers, writers or celebrities. [[Alfredo Nobre da Costa]], who was briefly Prime Minister of Portugal in 1978, was of partial Goan descent on his father's side. Similarly, [[António Costa]], the Prime Minister of Portugal since 26 November 2015, is one-quarter Goan through his father, [[Orlando da Costa]]. Television presenter [[Catarina Furtado]] is also part Indian.

Following the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa]], many ethnic Portuguese living in Goa, as well as Goan [[assimilado]]s and mestiços or Luso-Indians fled Goa for [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]] or [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|Portuguese Africa]], others continued to live in Goa which is under the statehood of the Republic of India.

==Notable Luso-Indians & Luso-Goans==

''Significant Overlap with: [[List of people from Goa]]''

*[[Suella Braverman|Suella Braverman née Fernandes]] - British Member of Parliament [[Attorney General for England and Wales]], [[Advocate General for Northern Ireland]]
*[[Vincent Conçessao]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archbishop of Delhi]]
*[[Antonio Costa]], [[Prime Minister of Portugal]]
* [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] – Indian teacher and poet (b. 1809)
* [[Juliana Dias da Costa]] – [[Harem]]-servant to the [[Mughal emperor]] of India [[Bahadur Shah I]] (b. 1658)
*[[Blasius D'Souza]]
*[[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Ivan Dias]] - [[Archbishop of Bombay]]
*[[Angelo Innocent Fernandes]] - [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archbishop of Delhi]]
*[[Tony Fernandes]] - businessman
* [[Anthony Firingee]] – [[Bengali language]] folk poet (b. 1786)
* [[Gonsalo Garcia]] – Roman Catholic saint (b. 1556)
* John Gomes - Senior Vice President of Search, [[Google]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/googles-ben-gomes-expands-role-to-head-all-of-search-amid-leadership-shuffle-295609|title = Updated: Google's Ben Gomes expands role to head all of search as John Giannandrea moves to Apple to head AI|date = 3 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Oswald Gracias]] - [[Archbishop of Bombay]]
*[[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Valerian Gracias]] - [[Archbishop of Bombay]]
*[[John Richard Lobo]]
*[[Michael Lobo]]
*[[Ivan Menezes]] - Chief Executive Officer of [[Diageo]]
* [[Casimiro Monteiro]] – [[PIDE]] agent who carried out the high-profile assassinations of Portuguese politicians, [[Humberto Delgado]] and [[Eduardo Mondlane]] (b. 1920)
*[[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Simon Pimenta]] - [[Archbishop of Bombay]]
*[[Freida Pinto]] - actress
*[[V.J.P. Saldanha]]
*[[Maurice Salvador Sreshta]]
*[[Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza]]
*[[Keith Vaz]] - British Member of Parliament
*[[Valerie Vaz]] - British Member of Parliament and [[Shadow Leader of the House of Commons]]

==See also==
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Indians in Portugal]]
* [[Korlai Fort]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Immigration to India}}
{{Portuguese diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Luso-Indian| ]]
[[Category:Portuguese diaspora in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Portuguese descent| ]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Immigration to India|Luso-Indian]]
[[Category:Europeans in India]]

Luso-Indian - Revision history

imported>Nolicmahr at 18:40, 24 August 2021