https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ma_HuanMa Huan - Revision history2026-07-31T07:21:49ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Ma_Huan&diff=452267&oldid=prevFranceGqd9358746 at 06:36, 3 March 20262026-03-03T06:36:58Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Chinese translator, voyager, and writer (c. 1380–1460)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Ma Huan<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Ma Huan<br />
| birth_date = c. 1380<br />
| birth_place = [[Kuaiji Commandery]], [[Zhejiang]], China<br />
| death_date = c. 1460<br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Explorer, Translator, Travel writer<br />
| language = Chinese, Arabic<br />
| nationality = Chinese<br />
| notableworks = ''Yingya Shenglan'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores)<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Yingya Shenglan (Jilu Huiban), first page.jpg|thumb|First page of the ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (1451) by Ma Huan, as collected in the ''Jilu Huibian'' (1617)]]<br />
'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh|s=马欢|t=馬歡|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) ({{circa}} 1380–1460<ref name=ency>{{cite book<br />
|contribution=Ma Huan<br />
|first=A. D. W. | last=Forbes<br />
|editor-first=C.E. |editor-last=Bosworth |isbn=90-04-07164-4 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1983<br />
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 | pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh|c=宗道|s=|t=|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a Chinese explorer, translator, and travel writer who accompanied Admiral [[Zheng He]] on three of his [[Treasure voyages|seven expeditions to the Western Oceans]]. Ma was a [[Muslim]] and was born in [[Zhejiang]]'s [[Kuaiji Commandery]], an area within the modern borders of [[Shaoxing]]. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&dq=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year&pg=PA849|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5|author-first1=Sir H. A. R. |author-last1=Gibb|orig-year=1954|year=1983|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=90-04-07164-4|page=849|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref><br />
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== Expeditions and writings ==<br />
In Ma Huan's fourth imperial expedition in 1413, he sailed south and west from China and into the Indian ocean, visiting [[Champa]], [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Palembang]], [[Siam]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] and [[Ormus|Hormuz]].<br />
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In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz.<br />
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In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eunuch [[Hong Bao]] as emissary to [[Mecca]].<br />
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During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes on the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, and even methods of punishment for criminals. Returning home on his first expedition, he began writing a book on his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was finalized around 1451. The title of his book was ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).<br />
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During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill|Feng Chengjun|zh|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.<br />
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An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2053070|doi=10.2307/2053070|author-first1=Jung-Pang|author-last1=Lo|volume=31|number=1|date=November 1971|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|pages=181-182|title=Book Reviews: Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores}}</ref> and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.<br />
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The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]].<br />
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Some scholars who have done research work on Ma Huan are J.J.L. Duyvendak, F. Hirth, [[Paul Pelliot]], [[Feng Chengjun]], [[Xiang Da]], [[J.V.G. Mills]].<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Fei Xin]], another participants of Zheng He's expeditions who wrote a book<br />
* The "[[Mao Kun map]]" in ''[[Wubei Zhi]]''<br />
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== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Ying-yai Sheng-lan, [https://archive.org/details/ying-yai-sheng-lan-1433/page/n3/mode/2up The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan], translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[Hakluyt Society]], London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}} ({{Google books|DjQ9AAAAIAAJ|restricted online copy|page=}})<br />
* [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.<br />
* [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001/acref-9780195130751-e-0502 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History]. Oxford Reference.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* Gordon, Stewart. ''When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"'' Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-306-81556-7}}.<br />
*{{cite book |author=J. V. G. Mills (tr.) |title= Ma Huan: Ying-yai sheng-lan 'The overall survey of the ocean's shores' (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-chün |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }}<br />
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{{Chinese travellers}}<br />
{{Islamic geography}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}}<br />
[[Category:1380s births]]<br />
[[Category:1460 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century Chinese writers]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century translators]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese translators]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese explorers]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century explorers]]<br />
[[Category:Ming dynasty Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Hui people]]<br />
[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]<br />
[[Category:Ming treasure voyages]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century travel writers]]</div>FranceGqd9358746