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{{Infobox waterlock
|lock_name = Madhopur Headworks
|native_name =
|image=
|caption=
|waterway = [[Ravi River]]
|country = [[India]]
|county = [[Pathankot district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|maint = Department of Irrigation, [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
|operation =
|first = 1875
|latest = 1959
|length = {{convert|2700|ft|m}}
|width =
|fall =
|sealevel =
|enda =
|distenda =
|endb =
|distendb =
|pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.3767|75.6062|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| extra= '''Discharge capacity''' Up to 9000 [[cusec]]<ref name="Punjab canals"/>
}}
'''Madhopur Headworks''' is a [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] on the [[Ravi River]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is located in the [[Pathankot district]] on the border with [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The '''Upper Bari Doab Canal''' (UBDC) off-taking from Madhopur irrigates agricultural lands in Punjab and provides water to the cities of [[Gurdaspur]], [[Batala]] and [[Amritsar]].

The headworks was one of the first irrigation projects constructed in [[Punjab]] during the [[British Raj]], within 10 years of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|conquest of Punjab]]. It irrigated lands in the Gurdaspur, Amritsar and Lahore districts of the undivided Punjab. During the [[partition of India|partition]] arrangements, [[Radcliffe Line|Cyrill Radcliffe]] allocated three tehsils of Gurdaspur district to India in part to maintain the integrity of the canal system from Madhopur.

After independence, India signed the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] with Pakistan obtaining the exclusive use of waters from the Ravi River. Subsequently, India rebuilt the Madhopur headwork as a full barrage. Pakistan continues to use the UBDC canal network within its territory, replacing the Ravi waters by waters from [[Chenab River|Chenab]] via the [[BRB Canal]].

== Antecedents ==
A canal by name '''Hasli canal''' was constructed during the reign of Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] ({{reign|1628|1658}}), taking water from Madhopur to [[Lahore]]. It was planned by [[Ali Mardan Khan]] and executed by Mullah Ala'ul-Mul Tuni.<ref name=Grover/>

In the 19th century, the Sikh emperor [[Ranjit Singh]] refurbished the canal and extended it with another branch to [[Amritsar]].<ref name=Grover>
{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=B. R. |last2=Grover |first2=Amrita |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Anju Grover |first4=J. C. |last4=Dua |title=Land Rights, Landed Hierarchy, and Village Community during the Mughal Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEQwAQAAIAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Low Publications |isbn=978-81-88629-26-8 |p=228}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Lafont |first=Jean Marie |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&pg=PA149 |year=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |page=149}}
</ref>

According to scholar Ian Stone, these early canals were defective in many ways. They did not utilise masonry structures and easily gave way to floods. They were also prone to silt deposits and therefore had to be periodically refurbished.{{sfnp|Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India|2002|pp=14–15}}

== British projects ==
[[File:Punjab-religion-2.jpg|thumb|right|265px|Districts of Punjab during the British Raj. The Bari doab consisted of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Lahore, Montogomery and Multan districts.]]
[[File:Upper Bari Doab Canal (1911).jpg|thumb|right|265px|Irrigation map of Punjab (1911) depicting the Upper Bari Doab Canal network]]
After conquering Punjab from the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] in 1849, the British East India Company rebuilt the canals under the name Upper Bari Doab Canal (UBDC).{{efn|The term "Bari Doab" literally refers to the interfluvial region between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers, but in practice, it also refers to the region between [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]] and Ravi rivers. The canal was most likely called "Bari Doab Canal" at its inception, with the attribute "Upper" being added after a [[Lower Bari Doab Canal]] was constructed downstream. It is also sometimes called the "Central Bari Doab Canal".}} It was planned and carried out by engineers Joseph Henry Dyas and James Crofton.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guy |first1=Alan James |last2=Boyden |first2=Peter B. |title=Soldiers of the Raj: The Indian Army 1600-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7QhAQAAIAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=National Army Museum |location=London |isbn=978-0-901721-35-8 |p=185}}: 'Madhopur Headworks project was carried out under the direction of Lt. (later Lt-Col.) H. Dyas, a 26-year-old subaltern, who had already done good work on the Western Yamuna Canal. From 1850 the Headworks steadily grew, and in 1859 water from the Ravi was admitted into the Bari Doab Canal. In 1868, when Chief Engineer, North-Western Provinces [now [[Uttar Pradesh]]], Dyas died from overwork at the age of 44, "...a sacrifice to his devotion to his duty and his work".'</ref>{{sfnp|Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India|2002|pp=348–349}} Providing employment to the disbanded Sikh soldiers via agriculture is said to have been the main motivation for its urgent construction.{{sfnp|Nijjar, History of the United Panjab|1996|p=8}} The new canals were opened in 1859 and irrigated agricultural lands in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]] and [[Lahore District|Lahore]] districts.<ref>{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |ref={{sfnref|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020}}}}</ref> No headworks were constructed at this time due to apprehensions that they would not be able to withstand the floods of the Ravi River. A side channel of the river with a [[weir]] and falling shutters regulated the canal waters.{{sfnp|Chaturvedi, India's Waters|2011|p=199}} A bridge with 23 arched openings 10 feet wide was constructed for this purpose.<ref name=Exhibition>
{{citation |last=Wardle |first=Sir Thomas |title=Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, Empire of India--special Catalogue of Exhibits by the Government of India and Private Exhibitors: Royal Commission and Government of India Silk Culture Court--descriptive Catalogue |year=1886 |publisher=W. Clowes |url=https://archive.org/details/b29351789/page/n59 |via=archive.org}}
</ref><ref name="British Library">
[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002374u00000000.html The head of the Bari-Doab Canal, Madhopur] (watercolour painting 1865), British Library, retrieved 1 May 2020.
</ref> Modern commentators also note that the canal was constructed with an excessive slope of 0.05 m/km which caused erosion of its bed.{{sfnp|Chaturvedi, India's Waters|2011|p=199}}

The Madhopur headwork was added during 1875–1879. It consisted of a {{convert|2700|ft|m}} long weir across the Ravi river, with the crest varying from 3 feet to 6 feet above the bed of the river. The last 300 feet towards on the left (towards Punjab) held undersluices with 12 openings of 20 feet width and 3–4 feet height. They were operated by iron gates.<ref name=Exhibition/>

Even though the canal system was capable of carrying flows of {{convert|6500|ft3|m3}} per second, the headwork supplied a maximum of {{convert|4850|ft3|m3}} per second. The main line of the canal ran to {{convert|31|mi|km}} after which it divided into a main branch and a Kasur branch near the town of [[Gurdaspur]]. The two branches had further subbranches leading to [[Lahore]] and [[Sobraon]] respectively.{{sfnp|Chaturvedi, India's Waters|2011|p=199}}{{sfnp|Nijjar, History of the United Panjab|1996}}
* The '''main branch''' flowed past the towns of [[Batala]] and [[Amritsar]] and headed towards the village of [[Bedian]] in the Lahore district. It continued in the Lahore district flowing past the villages of [[Raiwind]] and [[Kot Radha Kishan]]. An escape to the channel of the Ravi River allowed any excess flood waters to drain back into the river.
* The '''Lahore branch''' took off the main branch near Batala and, flowing past Amritsar on its north, headed towards the city of Lahore.
* The '''Kasur branch''' ran south from Gurdaspur till the town of [[Kahnuwan]] and then turned southwest. Flowing past Batala and [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], it entered the Kasur tehsil near the village of [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]] (now in [[Tarn Taran district]]).
* The '''Sobraon branch''' continued south of [[Kahnuwan]] and turned southwest. Flowing parallel to the Sutlej River, it ended near [[Sobraon]] (to its north).

Most of these areas were later scenes of conflict during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{citation |last=Krishna Rao |first=K. V. |title=Prepare or Perish: A Study of National Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA132 |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |ISBN=978-81-7212-001-6 |pages=132–136}}</ref>

== Partition of India ==
{{expand section|date=May 2020}}

== Modern development ==
In 1955, a full barrage was constructed at Madhopur after the original weir of the Madhopur headwork got damaged in a flood.<ref name="Punjab canals"/> Over the next two years, a Madhopur–Beas Link canal was also added, to link the Ravi waters to the [[Beas River]] via the ''Chaki nalla''.{{sfnp|Moza, River Ravi|2014|p=2}}<ref>[https://irrigation.punjab.gov.in/OldVersion/canal_administration_postindependance.html Canal Administration Post-Independence], Department of Irrigation, Government of Punjab, retrieved 5 May 2020.</ref>

The UBDC canal network was remodelled during 2001–2005 after the construction of the [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]]. It presently carries up to {{convert|9000|ft3|m3}} per second, distributing them to seven branches and 247 distributaries. The total length of the canal network is {{convert|3119|km|mi}} and cultivates {{convert|573000|hectare}} of land.<ref name="Punjab canals">[https://irrigation.punjab.gov.in/OldVersion/canal_administration_cansystem.html Canal Administration], Department of Irrigation, Government of Punjab, retrieved 5 May 2020.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Chaturvedi |first=Mahesh Chandra |title=India's Waters: Environment, Economy, and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b39UVL6nO_0C&pg=PA204 |year=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-7283-3 |ref={{sfnref|Chaturvedi, India's Waters|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Gautam |title=Ground Water: Surveys and Investigation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF70PN_uRu8C&pg=PA29 |year=2009 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0474-7 |pages=29– |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Ground Water|2009}}}}
* {{citation |last=Moza |first=Usha |title=River Ravi – Ecology and Fisheries |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |year=2014 |url=https://icar.org.in/files/River_Ravi.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Moza, River Ravi|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Nijjar |first=Bakhshish Singh |title=History of the United Panjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hdmdWR3XDoC&pg=PA8 |year=1996 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-536-8 |ref={{sfnref|Nijjar, History of the United Panjab|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Stone |first=Ian |title=Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WLUWxIcyogC&pg=PA13 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ISBN=978-0-521-52663-0 |ref={{sfnref|Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India|2002}}}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002374u00000000.html The head of the Bari-Doab Canal, Madhopur] (watercolour painting 1865), British Library, retrieved 1 May 2020.
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/e/019pho0000096s2u00004000.html Escape Bridge, Madhopoor Regulator] (watercolour painting, 1869), British Library, retrieved 1 May 2020.
* Main branch – Bedian on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12709930#map=9/31.7479/75.3140&layers=C Indian side], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/146791077#map=9/31.1663/74.5029&layers=C Pakistan side].
* Lahore branch on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12709933#map=9/31.7479/75.3140&layers=C Indian side], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12709961#map=9/31.7479/75.3140&layers=C Pakistan side].
* Kasur branch on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12709931#map=9/31.7479/75.3140&layers=C Indian side].
* Sobraon branch on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12709932#map=9/31.7479/75.3140&layers=C Indian side].
* [https://www.floodmap.net/?gi=1174625 Map of the canal network on floodmap.net]
* [https://www.cartogiraffe.com/india/punjab/gurdaspur/#11,32.25611598934958,75.60061562102499 Map of the canal network on Cartogiraffe.com]

{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Dams in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Dams on the Ravi River]]
[[Category:Pathankot district]]
[[Category:Canals in Punjab, India|Upper Bari Doab Canal]]
[[Category:Canals in Pakistan|Upper Bari Doab Canal]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1875]]

Madhopur Headworks - Revision history

imported>Kautilya3 at 12:58, 2 September 2021