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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Kohbar of Mithila.png|thumbnail|right|300px|Kohbar made by artist Padma Shri Sita Devi.]]
'''Madhubani Art''' (or '''Mithila painting''') is a style of [[Indian painting]], practiced in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. This painting is done with a variety of tools, including fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchsticks and using natural dyes and pigments. It is characterised by its eye-catching geometrical patterns. There is ritual content for particular occasions, such as birth or marriage, and festivals, such as [[Holi]], Surya Shasti, [[kali puja|Kali Puja]], [[Upanayana]], and [[Durga Puja]].

Madhubani painting (Mithila painting) was traditionally created by the women of various communities in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It originated from [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[Bihar]]. Madhubani is also a major export center of these paintings.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&pg=PA96|title=Madhubani Painting|date=30 September 2017|publisher=Abhinav Publications|via=Google Books|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110108/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96&dq=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8kJ761p_SAhUrIsAKHb2ZDfYQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&f=false|archive-date=21 February 2017|df=dmy-all|isbn=9788170171560}}</ref> This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas mainly originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments that led to the term "Madhubani art" being used alongside "Mithila Painting."<ref>Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref>

The paintings were traditionally done on freshly plastered mud walls and floors of huts, but now they are also done on cloth, handmade paper and [[canvas]].<ref name=krupa>{{cite news|last=Krupa|first=Lakshmi|title=Madhubani walls|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/madhubani-walls/article4272411.ece|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129100902/http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/madhubani-walls/article4272411.ece|archive-date=29 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Madhubani paintings are made from the paste of powdered rice. Madhubani painting has remained confined to a compact geographical area and the skills have been passed on through centuries, the content and the style have largely remained the same. Thus, Madhubani painting has received GI ([[Geographical Indication]]) status. Madhubani paintings use two-dimensional imagery, and the colors used are derived from plants. [[Ochre]], [[Lampblack]] and [[Red]] are used for reddish-brown and black, respectively.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Madhubani paintings mostly depict people and their association with nature and scenes and deities from the ancient epics. Natural objects like the sun, the moon, and religious plants like [[tulsi]] are also widely painted, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally, no space is left empty; the gaps are filled by paintings of flowers, animals, birds, and even geometric designs.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Traditionally, painting was one of the skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila Region, mainly by women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/madhubani.php|title=Know India: Madhubani Painting|publisher=India.gov.in|access-date=2013-09-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907150703/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/madhubani.php|archive-date=7 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is still practiced and kept alive in institutions spread across the Mithila region. [[Kalakriti]]<ref>https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kalakriti,+mithila+painting+store/@26.16902,85.895148,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x22e7e9059046e00e?hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji4L-ii7TaAhXIqY8KHeLcDIQQ_BIIgQEwDw {{dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> in Darbhanga,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/11525853/Kalakriti-Mithila-painting|title=Kalakriti Mithila painting - Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510121515/http://wikimapia.org/11525853/Kalakriti-Mithila-painting|archive-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vaidehi in Madhubani, Benipatti in Madhubani district and Gram Vikas Parishad in Ranti are some of the major centres of Madhubani painting which have kept this ancient art form alive.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Krishna & Radha made by Sita devi.jpg|thumbnail|Krishna and Radha made by Sita Devi|200px]]

== Styles ==
Madhubani art has five distinctive styles: Bharni, Katchni, Tantrik, Godna and Kohbar. In the 1960s Bharni, and Tantrik styles were mainly done by Brahman women, who are 'upper caste' women in India and Nepal. Their themes were mainly religious and they depicted Gods and Goddesses paintings. People of lower castes included aspects of their daily life and symbols, the story of Raja Shailesh (guard of the village) and much more, in their paintings. Nowadays Madhubani art has become a globalised art form, so there is no difference in the work on the basis of the caste system. They work in all five styles. Madhubani art has received worldwide attention.<ref name="a-painter-from-patna-crafted-a-live-madhubani-painting-in-bangkok/">{{cite web|url=https://www.atulyabihar.com/a-painter-from-patna-crafted-a-live-madhubani-painting-in-bangkok/ |title=पटना के ने में मधुबनी बनायीं |language=hi |website=atulyabihar.com |date=1 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Authindia|title=Types of Madhubani Painting|url=https://authindia.com/types-of-madhubani-painting/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Authindia|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Contributions ==
The Madhubani painting tradition played a key role in the conservation efforts in India in 2012, where there was frequent deforestation in the state of Bihar. Shashthi Nath Jha, who runs the Gram Vikas Parishad, an NGO, started the initiative as an attempt to protect local trees that were being cut down in the name of expanding roads and development. The main reason behind this was that the trees were traditionally adorned with forms of gods and other religious and spiritual images such as those of Radha-Krishna, Rama-Sita, scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharata and other mythologies.

== Awards ==
Madhubani painting received official recognition in 1969 when [[Sita Devi (painter)|Sita Devi]] received the State award by Government of Bihar. Mamta Devi from the village Jitwarpur has also got National Award. Jagdamba Devi from Bhajparaul, Madhubani was given [[Padma Shri]] in 1975 and the National Award to Sita Devi of Jitwarpur village near Madhubani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jagdamba Devi – UMSAS|url=http://umsas.org.in/jagdamba-devi/|access-date=2021-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Jagdamba Devi's foster son Satya Narayan Lal Karn and his wife Moti Karn are also well-regarded Mithila artists, and they won the National Award jointly in 2003. Sita Devi received the Padma Shri in 1981. Sita Devi was also awarded by [[Bihar Ratna]] in 1984 and [[Shilp Guru]] in 2006. In 1984 [[Ganga Devi (painter)|Ganga Devi]] was awarded by Padma Shri.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Ganga Devi: Tradition and expression in Madhubani painting">{{cite journal | title=Ganga Devi: Tradition and expression in Madhubani painting | author=Jyotindra Jain | journal= Third Text| year=1989 | volume=3 | issue=6 |pages = 43–50| doi=10.1080/09528828908576213}}</ref> [[Mahasundari Devi]] received the Padma Shri in 2011. [[Baua Devi]], Yamuna Devi, Shanti Devi, Chano Devi, Bindeshwari Devi, Chandrakala Devi, Shashi kala Devi, Leela Devi, [[Godawari Dutta|Godavari Dutta]], and [[Bharti Dayal]] were also given the National award.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huLqAAAAMAAJ&q=1970 |title=Madhubani painting – Upendra Thakur – Google Boeken |access-date=2013-09-21|isbn=9780391024113 |last1=Thakur |first1=Upendra |year=1981 }}</ref><ref name=living>{{cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Shailaja|title=Madhubani beyond the living rooms|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/madhubani-beyond-the-living-rooms/article5380171.ece|access-date=3 February 2014|newspaper=The HIndu|date=22 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131165843/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/madhubani-beyond-the-living-rooms/article5380171.ece|archive-date=31 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/art-that-subverts/article5059973.ece|title=Art that subverts|date=26 August 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826090447/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/art-that-subverts/article5059973.ece|archive-date=26 August 2013|df=dmy-all|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Chandrabhushan (Rasidpur), [[Ambika Devi (artist)|Ambika Devi]] (Rasidpur), Manisha Jha were also given the National award.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} In 2020, Madhubani artist [[Dulari Devi (artist)|Dulari Devi]] won the [[Padma Shri]] for contributions to art.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Padma Shri Ramchandra Manjhi and Dulari Devi: Tale of two artists, and of art, caste and grit in Bihar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tale-of-two-padma-shri-winners-of-art-caste-and-grit-in-bihar-7167011/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:First night.png
File:God Vishnu in Fish Avtaar.jpg|Matsya avatar of Vishnu
File:Baby Sharma.jpg|alt= Mithila Painting.
File:Madhubani Art with Bharti Dayal.ogv
File:Madhubani mural and Terracotta figurine at Sanskriti Museum.JPG
File:Art of Mithla, Darbhanga, Bihar.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Madhubani district]]
*[[Mysore Traditional Paintings]]
*[[Kamangiri art]]
*[[Mughal painting]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=978-0-87099-783-9 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148-152)
*Old Traditional art by rural women. from [https://madhubaniartgallery.in madhubani art gallery] madhubani, bihar , india

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Madhubani painting}}
*[http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article569814.ece In conversation with Indian Express, the Madhubani Artist Vidushini shares her views on preserving traditional art forms including Mithila Paintings.]
*[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/india-nepal-mithila-art-feminism?mc_cid=d1028e68c2&mc_eid=cc525f139a India and Nepal’s Mithila Art Is Having a Feminist Renaissance]

[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Nepalese art]]
[[Category:Mithila]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Bihar]]
[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhubani district]]

Madhubani art - Revision history

imported>Sphilbrick at 15:51, 15 August 2021