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{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = <small>Madras Province (1947–1950)</small><br />Madras State (1950–1969)
|common_name = Tamil Nadu State
|nation = [[India]]
|status_text = Former [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]]
|era =
|year_start = 1950
|date_start =
|event_start = Madras State formed from [[Madras Presidency]]
|event1 = Separation of [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Rayalaseema]] as [[Andhra State]]
|date_event1 = 1953
|event2 = Merger of [[Malabar district|Malabar]] & [[South Canara]] districts with the states of [[Kerala]] & [[Mysore State|Mysore]]
|date_event2 = 1956
|year_end = 1969
|date_end =
|event_end = Renamed [[Tamil Nadu]]
|p1 = Madras Presidency
|s1 = Tamil Nadu
|flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|flag_s1 = ..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = South Indian territories.svg
|image_map_caption = Map of [[Southern India]] (1953–1956) before the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956 with Madras State in yellow
|stat_area1 =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnotes = [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html States of India since 1947]
|demonym=|capital=|today=|life_span=1947–1969}}

'''Madras State''' was a [[States of India|state]] of [[India]] during the mid-20th century. At the time of its formation in 1950, it included the whole of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] (except [[Kanyakumari district]]), [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Rayalaseema]], the [[Malabar district|Malabar region]] of North and central Kerala, and [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[South Canara]]. [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] were separated to form [[Andhra State]] in 1953, while South Canara and Bellary districts were merged with [[Mysore State]], and [[Malabar District]] with the [[Travancore-Cochin|State of Travancore-Cochin]] to form [[Kerala]] in 1956. Post [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|State Reorganization]] in 1956, the remaining Madras State was renamed to [[Tamil Nadu]], meaning "Tamil country" on January 14, 1969.<ref>{{cite book|title=Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|isbn=9788176299664|last1=Sundari|first1=Dr. S.|year=2007}}</ref>

== History ==
After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the [[Madras Presidency]] became the [[Madras Province]] on 15 August 1947. On 26 January 1950, it was formed as Madras State by the [[Government of India]]. As a result of the 1956 [[States Reorganisation Act]], the state's boundaries were re-organized following linguistic lines. The state was finally renamed Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969 by C.N.Annadurai, Chief Minister.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html The states of India since 1947]</ref>

==Chief Ministers==
===O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar===
At the time of Independence, [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]], popularly known as Omandur Ramasamy Reddy, was the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Premier of Madras Presidency]], from 23 March 1947 to 6 April 1949.<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]</ref><ref name="plane_thehindu">{{cite news|title=The Government's first plane|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/12/05/stories/2005120500100500.htm|date=5 December 2005|work=The Hindu|author=S. Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah}}</ref> Post Independence, the term Province was used till 1950, replacing [[presidency]]. His premiership lasted till 6 April 1949, when he resigned citing growing internal squabbled within the then Congress leaders. India won Independence during his tenure.

Kumaraswamy Raja served as [[Chief Minister]] of [[Madras Presidency]] for two years, (April 1949 to April 1952), till the first general elections were held in the country.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Second-longest-term-as-CM/article16766252.ece</ref>

====Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act ====
The act called for permitting the [[Dalits]] into [[Hindu]] temples for worship, who was till then were barred from entering the temple. While the former [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], now reemerged as [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] headed by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] kept pressing for permitting Dalits into Hindu temples for Worship, the then Congress government under Omandur Ramasamy Reddy would pass the [[Madras]] Temple Entry Authorization Act 1947, ratified by the then Governor of Madras on 11 May 1947.<ref name="rightopray">{{cite journal|title=Right to pray|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2615/stories/20090731261504200.htm|volume=26|issue=15|year=2009|journal=Frontline}}</ref> This act was intended to give Dalits and other prohibited Hindus full and complete rights to enter Hindu temples.<ref name="rightopray" /><ref name="untouchabilityp317">{{cite book|title=Untouchability in India: implementation of the law and abolition|author=Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1986}}</ref>

==== Devadasi Dedication Abolition Act of 1947 ====
The Omandur cabinet passed another landmark law related to women, being pressurized by social activists like [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] for a long time. The act known as [[Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act]] which gave [[Devadasi]]'s the legal right to Marry and also making it illegal to dedicate girls to Hindu temples was passed on 9 October 1947 within 2 month of Independence.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|author=Parvathi Menon|title=Ideals, Images and Real Lives: Women in Literature and History |editor=Alice Thorner |editor2=Maithreyi Krishnaraj|year=2000|volume=18|issue=16|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1816/18160740.htm|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|page=264|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|author=B. S. Chandrababu|author2=L. Thilagavathi|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2009|isbn=978-8189909970}}</ref>

===P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja===

P.S. Kumarasamy Raja took office on 6 April 1949. He was the first Congress Chief Minister of Madras State after the adaptation of Republican constitution on 26 January 1950. The Madras Province now became Madras State was the administrative area still included present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Cochin State]] and [[Malabar district]] of present-day [[Kerala]] and [[South Canara]] districts in present-day [[Karnataka]]. He stated that the change of the Premier and Members of the Cabinet would not mean a change in the policies of the Government and that his government would follow the same principles of the former Ministry.<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/87347/8/mangala_chapter6.pdf</ref>

=== Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ===
In the 1952 elections, the first as a part of Republic India, the [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the single largest party in the assembly. However, Congress could not form the government as lacked a clear majority, while the [[Communist Party of India]] led coalition was in a better position to form the government. Nevertheless, a Congress government was formed in the state, and [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] was selected by the cadres of the Congress party to rule the state. Also, Rajaji was not an elected member of the Madras Legislative Assembly but was nominated by the then governor to the Legislative Council and took office as the chief minister of Madras state.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html Leader, amend thy mind] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055217/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html |date=24 September 2012 }}</ref>


Dr. P. C. Alexander, himself a former [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Maharashtra]] governor, writes that the most conspicuous case of constitutional impropriety was the one by [[Sri Prakasa]] when he invited Rajagopalachari to form the government in the Madras state.

====Andhra statehood agitation====
During this time, freedom fighter [[Potti Sriramulu]] called for a separate state for Telugu speaking districts, to be named Andhra, and went on an unconditional fast until his goal was achieved. He died following complications that arose during the fast, and violent riots broke out in the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] areas of Madras State including [[Madras]] city. Jawaharlal Nehru who initially opposed to the idea of linguistic states, agreed to the demand after the death of [[Potti Sriramulu]], for a separate state of Andhra. But the [[Madras Manade|demand that Madras]] city be included in the new state of Andhra was rejected.

It was alleged that Rajaji failed to intervene, either to break the fast or to provide medical help for Sriramulu, even though the fast had continued for over 50 days. On a side note, only one other person, [[Jatin Das]], before Sriramulu, in modern Indian history actually fasted to death. In most cases, they either gave up, were hospitalized or arrested and force fed.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822565-1,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217103730/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822565-1,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 December 2007 | work=Time | title=INDIA: Fast & Win | date=29 December 1952 | access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref>
The [[State of Andhra]] was carved out of the Madras State in 1953, Rajaji remained aloof from the Andhra State and related issues.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep26/spt1.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413162821/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep26/spt1.asp |archive-date=13 April 2005 }}</ref>

====Family vocation education policy====
Rajaji also removed controls on foodgrains and introduced a new education policy based on family vocation. According to this policy, students had to go to school in the morning and to compulsorily learn the family vocation practiced by their parents, like carpentry, masonry, etc. after school. It was severely opposed by [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] as casteist and dubbed [[Kula Kalvi Thittam]] (Hereditary Education Policy) by his close friend and political opponent [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] who vehemently opposed it. This policy was under attack from within the Congress as well as outside it. This ultimately led to his resignation in 1954.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041012125946/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13569138 What if Periyar had not been born? – Sify.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/periyar.htm Periyar E.V.Ramaswamy – பெரியார்]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.periyar.org/html/dk_movement_eng.asp |title=Periyar.org |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070130222128/http://www.periyar.org/html/dk_movement_eng.asp |archive-date=30 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Kamaraj ===
{{Keralahistory}}
On 13 April 1954, K. Kamaraj became the chief minister of Madras State.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Committed to his version of "socialism" meaning that "those who are backward should progress", Kamaraj remained truthful to the simple dictum of his "socialism", providing "what is essential for man's living" such as "dwelling, job, food and education". The great feature of Kamaraj rule was the ending of the retrogressive educational policies and setting the stage for universal and free schooling.

====Cabinet reorganisation====
One of the first political acts of Kamaraj during his tenure as chief minister was to widen representation of the rising non-Brahmins in the cabinet, yet to everyone's surprise, Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam and [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]], who had contested his leadership,
Ministerial berths were given to other parties like Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonwealth Party. In a move to counter Tamil cultural politics espoused by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], Kamaraj made conscious attempts to partake in the linguistic cultural matters. To placate Tamil aspirations, Kamaraj effected some measures.

====Language policy====
The efforts towards introducing Tamil language as a medium of instruction in schools and colleges was accompanied by the publication of textbooks on 'scientific and technical subjects' in Tamil. In 1960 the state education minister took steps to introduce Tamil in government arts colleges as a medium of instruction.

Similarly, the usage of Tamil in the courts received encouragement. To affirm his role in the linguistic politics of the state, Kamaraj introduced a bill in February 1962 in the legislative assembly for changing the name of Madras to 'Tamil Nadu' for 'intrastate communication', the bill also proposing [[Madurai]] as the capital. But no decision was taken on it. The DMK would later make capital out of this, routing Congress in the 1967 elections four years after Kamaraj relinquished his office as chief minister in accordance with the Kamaraj Plan to concentrate on Congress organizational work.

====Education policy====
Kamaraj removed the family vocation–based Hereditary Education Policy introduced by Rajaji. Kamaraj strove to eradicate illiteracy by introducing free and compulsory education up to the eleventh standard and introduced the [[Mid-day Meal Scheme]] to provide at least one meal per day to the lakhs of poor school children.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indianyojana.com/shiksha-yojana/mid-day-meal-scheme.htm|title = Information About Mid-Day Meal Scheme India|access-date = 1 August 2015|website = Indian Yojana}}</ref>

Almost every village within a radius of one mile with a population of 300 and above inhabitants was provided with a school. With a view to encouraging and attracting the rural poor children to the schools, Kamaraj pioneered a scheme of free mid-day meals for primary school children in panchayat and government institutions. This scheme, aided by the American voluntary organisation CARE, was launched in 1957. In addition, the government came forward to supply school uniforms to poor students. To make the education easily accessible to children from various backgrounds, full exemption from school fees was introduced. Public enthusiasm and participation in raising funds and procuring equipment for the schools were entertained through different schemes making education a social responsibility. Such measures made education affordable for many who were denied basic educational opportunities for centuries.

====Electrification and industrial development====
Kamaraj's other feat was his role in facilitating developmental programmes chiefly electrification and industrial development. Thousands of villages were electrified. Rural electrification led to the large-scale use of pumpsets for irrigational purposes and agriculture-received impetus. Major irrigation schemes were planned in Kamaraj's period. Dams and irrigation canals were built across higher Bhavani, Mani Muthar, Aarani, Vaigai, Amaravathi, Sathanur, Krishnagiri, Pullambadi, Parambikulam and Neyyaru among others. The Malapuzha Dam at Palghat District was inaugurated by him as Chief Minister in 1955 (before Kerala was formed as a separate state in 1956). Large- and small-scale industries were flagged off generating employment opportunities. Kamaraj made the best use of the funds available through the Five-Year Plans and guided Tamil Nadu in deriving the maximum benefit.

=== M. Bhaktavatsalam Mudaliar ===
In 1962, the Indian National Congress won the [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Madras state elections]] and formed the government in the state for the fifth time in 25 years. Kamaraj became Chief Minister. It was his third tenure as Chief Minister (3 March 1962 – 2 October 1963). Later Kamaraj resigned his Chief Ministership to work for the Congress Party under the "KAMARAJ PLAN", wherein senior leaders were invited to do party work. Hence on 2 October 1963, Bhaktavatsalam took office as the chief minister of Madras as Kamaraj desired to spend more time serving the party.<ref name="chiefminister">{{cite web|title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150027/http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm |archive-date=23 April 2013 }}</ref> Bhaktavatsalam is, till date, the last Chief Minister of Madras from the Indian National Congress.<ref name="lastcongresscm">{{cite news|work=The Hindu: Metro Plus|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/23/stories/2002102300090300.htm|date=23 October 2002|title=Playing host to wildlife|last=Muthiah|first=S.|author-link=S. Muthiah|access-date=7 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171029/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/23/stories/2002102300090300.htm|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Anti-Hindi agitation====
{{See also|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}
Bhaktavatsalam's tenure as chief minister witnessed severe anti-Hindi agitations in Madras state.<ref name="sarojini_thehindu">{{cite news|title=The Hindu and Me: 'I have one grievance'|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091301091500.htm|date=13 September 2003|first=Sarojini|last=Varadappan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119023650/http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091301091500.htm|archive-date=19 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bhaktavatsalam supported the Union Government's decision to introduce [[Hindi]] as compulsory language and rejected the demands to make Tamil the medium of instruction in colleges, saying that it was "not a practical proposition, not in the interests of national integration, not in the interests of higher education, and not in the interests of the students themselves".<ref name="languagedevotion">{{cite book|title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970|first=Sumathi|last=Ramaswamy|publisher=University of California|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6|year=1997}}</ref> On 7 March 1964, at a session of the Madras Legislative Assembly, Bhaktavatsalam recommended the introduction of a [[three-language formula]] comprising English, Hindi and Tamil.<ref name="threelanguage">{{cite book|title=Indian Recorder & Digest|pages=19|publisher=Diwanchand Institute of National Affairs|year=1964}}</ref><ref name="threelanguage2">{{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|publisher=K. K. Thomas|pages=6292|year=1965}}</ref>

As 26 January 1965, the day when the 15-year-long transition period recommended by the Indian Parliament came to an end, neared, the agitations intensified, leading to police action and casualties.<ref name="threelanguage2" /> Five of the agitators (Sivalingam, Aranganathan, Veerappan, Mutthu, and Sarangapani) immolated themselves while three others (Dandapani, Mutthu, and Shanmugam) consumed poison. One of the agitators, eighteen-year-old Rajendran, was killed on 27 January 1965 as a result of police firing.<ref name="languagedevotion" />

On 13 February 1965, Bhaktavatsalam claimed that the opposition [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and the Left parties were responsible for the large-scale destruction of public property and violence during the anti-Hindi agitations of 1965.<ref name="antihindi_asianrecorder">{{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|publisher=K. K. Thomas|pages=6316|year=1965}}</ref>

===C. N. Annadurai ===
In 1967, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) party, born from [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] in 1949, won with thumping majority with the Congress losing elections in nine states to opposition parties,</ref> but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved.<ref name=Chakrabarty>{{cite book
| last = Chakrabarty
| first = Bidyut
| title = Indian Politics and Society Since Independence
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2008
| pages = 110–111
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C
| isbn = 978-0-415-40868-4}}
</ref> The [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|electoral victory of 1967]] is also due to an [[electoral fusion]] among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] votes. The former Congress leader [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], had by then left the Congress to found the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.<ref name=IT>{{cite news
|last=Venkatachalapathy
|first=AR
|title=C.N. ANNADURAI –POLITICIAN, 1909–1969
|date=10 April 2008
|url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high
|access-date=20 December 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high
|archive-date=12 January 2009
}}
</ref>

====Marriage Act====
[[C. N. Annadurai]] legalised [[self-respect marriages]] for the first time in the country.
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hodges | first = Sara | title = Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India | journal = Contributions to Indian Sociology | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 251–277 | year = 2005 | url = http://cis.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/2/251 | doi = 10.1177/006996670503900203 | s2cid = 144419547 | access-date = 20 December 2008}}</ref> These ceremonies did not require any priest to carry out the ceremonies.

====Food Policy====
Annadurai was the first to announce subsidising of the price of rice in the election manifesto. He promised a measure of rice for one rupee, which he initially implemented but withdrew soon. Subsidizing rice and giving freebies are still used as election promises in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu | publisher = Rediff.com | date = 19 April 2006 | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | access-date = 20 December 2008}}</ref>

====Renaming of the state====
It was [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]]'s government that renamed the Madras State to [[Tamil Nadu]]. With [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]] as [[chief minister]], the state assembly passed the bill of renaming the state successfully.<ref name=fuzzy>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgb-MKcsSR0C&pg=PA112&dq=rename+Tamil+Nadu+Annadurai&as_brr=3#PPA112,M1 Fuzzy]</ref> It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World Tamil Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968.<ref name=MR>{{cite web
|last=Asaan
|first=GVK
|title=Anna the genius
|work=The birth centenary of Arignar Anna (C.N.Annadurai- 15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969) is being celebrated between September 2008 and September 2009. The first part of his life sketch appeared in the September issue. In this issue we give the second and the concluding part
|publisher=Modern Rationalist
|year=2008
|url=http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html
|access-date=20 December 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126110833/http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html
|archive-date=26 January 2011
}}
</ref> Also, when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference, Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jayakanthan
| first = Dandapani
| title = A Literary Man's Political Experiences
| publisher = Read books
| year = 2006
| pages = 212
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Lnl_um7uFcsC
| isbn = 978-1-4067-3569-7}}
</ref>

====Golden Jubilee celebration for State's renaming as Tamil Nadu====
[[Tamil Nadu Government]] has decided to celebrate the [[Golden Jubilee]] on 14 January 2018 to mark the renaming of the erstwhile 'Madras State'. It was decided to observe the [[golden jubilee]] with events to mark the eminence of [[Tamil language]] and Tamil people, and by honouring young [[Tamils|Tamil]] research scholars at the valedictory.

== See also ==
* [[Madras Presidency]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Karnataka]]

== References ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* [https://archive.today/20070106185926/http://www.tn.gov.in/misc/histn.htm Government of Tamil Nadu – Tamil Nadu Secretariat – Brief History]

{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}
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[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1969 disestablishments in India]]

Madras State - Revision history

CleanupBot at 12:46, 12 August 2021