Soldier at 14:48, 8 September 2023

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{{Short description|Island in Indonesia}}
{{Distinguish|Extremadura}}
{{Redirect|Madura|the southern Indian city|Madurai|the northern Indian city|Mathura|other uses|Madura (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox islands
|name = Madura Island
|image_name = Madura Topography.png
|image_caption = Topography of Madura (''above'') Location of Madura in [[East Java]] (''below'')
|map_image = Madura_locator.png
|location = [[Southeast Asia]]
|coordinates= {{Coord|07|03|36|S|113|24|00|E|type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|archipelago = [[Greater Sunda Islands]]
|total_islands = 127
|major_islands = Madura, Kangean
|area_km2 = 5379.22
|elevation_m = 500
|highest_mount = Lanjari Hill
|country = Indonesia
|country_admin_divisions_title = Province
|country_admin_divisions = [[East Java]]
|population = 4,064,503
|population_as_of = mid 2022 estimate
|density_km2 = 756
|ethnic_groups = [[Madurese people|Madurese]]
|country_largest_city = [[Pamekasan]]
|timezone = [[Time in Indonesia|IWST]] ([[UTC+07:00]])
|local_name=''Pulau Madura'' ([[Indonesian Language|Indonesian]]) ''Polo Madhurâ'' ([[Madurese language|Madurese]]) ''ڤولو مادْوراْ‎'' ([[Pegon script|Pèghu]]) ''ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦩꦢꦸꦫ'' ([[Javanese script|Carakan]]) ᨄᨘᨒᨚ ᨆᨉᨘᨑ ([[Lontara script|Lontara']]) |nickname={{native phrase|id|Pulau Garam}} {{small|"The Salt Island"}}}}

'''Madura Island''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Pulau Madura'', [[Madurese language|Madurese]]: ''Polo Madhurâ''; [[Pronunciation|[pɔlɔ ˈmaʈʰurɤ]]], [[Pegon script|Pèghu]]: ''ڤولو مادْوراْ‎'', [[Javanese script|Carakan]]: ''ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦩꦢꦸꦫ'', [[Lontara script|Lontara']]: ᨄᨘᨒᨚ ᨆᨉᨘᨑ) is an [[list of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian island]] off the northeastern coast of [[Java]]. The island comprises an area of approximately {{convert|4442|km2|mi2}} (administratively 5,379.22 km2; 2077 sq. mi. including various smaller islands to the east, southeast and north that are administratively part of Madura's easternmost [[Sumenep Regency]]). Administratively, Madura is part of the province of [[East Java]]. It is separated from Java by the narrow [[Madura Strait]]. The administered area has a density of 756 people per km2 (1958 per sq. mi.) in 2022, while the main island has a somewhat higher figure of 826 per km2 (2140 per sq. mi.) in 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ayosurabaya.com/read/2021/01/23/6644/naik-079-jumlah-penduduk-jatim-mencapai-4067-juta-jiwa | title=Naik 0,79%, Jumlah Penduduk Jatim Mencapai 40,67 Juta Jiwa - Ayo Surabaya | date=23 January 2021 }}</ref>

==Etymology ==
{{See also|History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|Hinduism in Indonesia|Indosphere|Greater India}}
{{Hinduism in Indonesia}}

Madura is named for [[Mathura]], the home of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Balrama|Baladewa]].<ref name=ma1>Ed. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, 1903-09, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iLtuAAAAMAAJ&q=hindu The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 : explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those peoples from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century], [[Arthur H. Clark Company]], Volumes 34-35 p.169.</ref>

==History==
In 1624, [[Sultan Agung]] of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] conquered Madura, and the island's government was brought under the [[Cakraningrat]]s, a single princely line.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=47}} The Cakraningrat family opposed Central Javanese rule and often conquered large parts of Mataram.{{sfn|Akhmad Saiful Ali|1994|p=62}}

Following the [[First Javanese War of Succession]] between [[Amangkurat III]] and his uncle, [[Pangeran Puger]], the Dutch gained control of the eastern half of Madura in 1705. Dutch recognition of Puger was influenced by the lord of West Madura, Cakraningrat II who is thought to have supported Puger's claims in the hope that a new war in central Java would provide the Madurese with a chance to interfere. However, while Amangkurat was arrested and exiled to Ceylon, Puger took the title of [[Pakubuwono I]] and signed a treaty with the Dutch that granted them, East Madura.

The Cakraningrats agreed to help the Dutch quash the 1740 rebellion in Central Java after the Chinese massacre in 1740. In a 1743 treaty with the Dutch, Pakubuwono I ceded the full sovereignty of Madura to the Dutch, which was contested by [[Cakraningrat IV]]. Cakraningrat fled to [[Banjarmasin]], took refuge with the British, was robbed and betrayed by the sultan, and captured by the Dutch and exiled to the [[Cape of Good Hope]].

The Dutch continued Madura's administrative divisions of four states each with their own regent. The island was initially important as a source of colonial troops and in the second half of the nineteenth century it became the main source of salt for Dutch-controlled territories in the archipelago. The Dutch gradually sidelined the Sultan and took over direct control of the entire island in the 1880s, governing it as the [[Madoera Residency]].

==Geography==
Madura Island is a relatively flat topography and there is no significant difference in elevation, which makes Madura a [[Badlands|badland]]. Geologically, Madura is part of the northern [[limestone]] mountains of [[Java]]. The limestone hills in Madura are lower, rougher, and rounder than the hills in northern Java.

==Demography==
Madura (including its offshore islands) has a population of about four million, most of whom are [[ethnicity|ethnically]] [[Madurese people|Madurese]]. The main language of Madura is [[Madurese language|Madurese]], one of a family of [[Austronesian languages]], which is also spoken in part of eastern Java and on many of the 66 outlying islands.

The Madurese are a large ethnic population in Indonesia, numbering around 7 million inhabitants. They come from the island of Madura as well as surrounding islands, such as [[Gili Raja]], [[Sapudi]], [[Raas Island|Raas]], and the [[Kangean Islands]]. In addition, many Madurese live in the eastern part of [[East Java]], commonly called the "Horseshoe", from [[Pasuruan]] to the north of [[Banyuwangi]]. Madurese are found in Situbondo and Bondowoso, and east of Probolinggo, [[Jember]], and a few at most who speak Javanese, including North [[Surabaya]], as well as some of [[Malang]].

Madura has a [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] majority and a large [[Shia]] minority. However, since 2012, interfaith discord has escalated into violence, with many Shia villages around the city of [[Sampang (city)|Sampang]] being attacked and the population fleeing their homes for government refugee centers. The [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] has provided details of such attacks in 2013.

== Administrative divisions ==
Madura Island is part of East Java province and is divided into the following four [[regency (Indonesia)|regencies]], listed from west to east:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-
! Name !! Capital !! Area (km2) !! Population 2000 census !! Population 2010 census !! Population 2020 census !! Population mid 2022 estimate
|-
| [[Bangkalan Regency]] || [[Bangkalan]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1260.15}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 805048}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 906761}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1060377}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1086620}}
|-
| [[Sampang Regency]] || [[Sampang, Indonesia|Sampang]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1233.30}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 750046}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 877772}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 969694}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 984162}}
|-
| [[Pamekasan Regency]] || [[Pamekasan]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 792.30}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 689225}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 795918}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 850057}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 857818}}
|-
| [[Sumenep Regency]] || [[Sumenep (city)|Sumenep]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2093.47}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 985981}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1042312}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1124436}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1135903}}
|-
| '''''Totals''''' || ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5379.22}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3230300}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3622763}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4004564}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4064503}}
|}

Note: Sumenep Regency, besides including the eastern quarter of Madura Island, also includes many offshore islands - notably the [[Kangean Islands]] (648.56 km2; 250½ sq. mi.) to the east of Madura, the smaller [[Sapudi Islands]] (167.38 km2; 64¾ sq. mi.) lying between Madura and the Kangean Islands, and [[Talango Island]] (50.27 km2; 19½ sq. mi.) closer to Madura; it also includes the small [[Masalembu Islands]] (40.85 km2; 15¾ sq. mi.) to the north (between Madura and [[Kalimantan]]) and the Giligenteng Islands (30.32 km2; 11¾ sq. mi.) to the southeast of Madura. The mainland (i.e. the area on Madura Island itself) covers 1,156.21 km2 (446½ sq. mi.) (with 802,541 inhabitants in 2022) consisting of 18 districts, while the various islands are 937.38 km2 (362 sq. mi.) in area (with 333,362 people in 2022), comprising 9 districts, with 128 islands, 46 inhabited.<ref>[http://sumenepkab.bps.go.id/index.php/tentang-daerah/keadaan-geografi-kabkota BPS Kabupaten Sumenep] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130107235446/http://sumenepkab.bps.go.id/index.php/tentang-daerah/keadaan-geografi-kabkota |date=2013-01-07 }}</ref>
<ref>[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=35&wilayah=Jawa-Timur 2010 Population Census – Jawa Timur Province]</ref><ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Zoutwinning op Madura TMnr 10007410.jpg|thumb|left|[[Salt]] making in Madura in 1948]]

On the whole, Madura is one of the poorest regions of the East Java province.<ref>{{Cite web|last=JawaPos.com|date=2017-07-18|title=4 Kabupaten di Madura Masuk Daerah Termiskin|url=https://radarmadura.jawapos.com/read/2017/07/18/1869/4-kabupaten-di-madura-masuk-daerah-termiskin|website=radarmadura.jawapos.com|publisher=Jawa Pos Group|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820195008/https://radarmadura.jawapos.com/read/2017/07/18/1869/4-kabupaten-di-madura-masuk-daerah-termiskin|archive-date=2020-08-20|access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref> Unlike [[Java]], the soil is not fertile enough to make it a major agricultural producer. Limited economic opportunities have led to chronic unemployment and poverty. These factors have led to long-term emigration from the island, such that most ethnically Madurese people do not now live on Madura. People from Madura were some of the most numerous participants in government [[transmigration program]]s, moving to other parts of Indonesia.

Subsistence [[agriculture]] is a mainstay of the economy. [[Maize]] is a key subsistence crop, on the island's many small landholdings. [[Cattle]]-raising is also a critical part of the agricultural economy, providing extra income to peasant farmer families, in addition to being the basis for Madura's famous bull-racing competitions. Small-scale fishing is also important to the subsistence economy.

Among export industries, [[tobacco]] farming is a major contributor to the island's economy. Madura's soil, while unable to support many food crops, helps make the island an important producer of tobacco and [[clove]]s for the domestic ''[[kretek]]'' (clove cigarette) industry. Since the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch era]], the island has also been a major producer and exporter of [[salt]].

[[Bangkalan Regency|Bangkalan]], on the western end of the island, has [[Industrialisation|industrialized]] substantially since the 1980s. This region is within a short ferry ride of [[Surabaya]], Indonesia's second-largest city, and hence has gained a role as a suburb for commuters to Surabaya, and as a location for industry and services that need to be near the city.

The [[Suramadu Bridge|Surabaya-Madura (Suramadu) Bridge]], opened in 2009, is expected to further increase the Bangkalan area's interaction with the regional economy.

===Climate===
Almost all parts of Madura are lowlands and closer to [[equator]], which make the island is warmer and drier than the mainland of [[East Java]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kondisi geografi dan iklim Sampang, Madura|url=https://sampangkab.go.id/gambaran-umum/|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Sampang|publisher=Government of [[Sampang Regency|Sampang]]|language=id|access-date=2020-08-20}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = [[Pamekasan Regency|Pamekasan]], [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]] (elevation {{convert|15|m|sp=us|disp=or}})
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 31
|Feb high C = 30.8
|Mar high C = 31
|Apr high C = 31.5
|May high C = 31.7
|Jun high C = 31.4
|Jul high C = 31.1
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 32.3
|Oct high C = 33
|Nov high C = 33
|Dec high C = 31.6

|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 26.5
|Mar mean C = 26.6
|Apr mean C = 27
|May mean C = 27.1
|Jun mean C = 26.5
|Jul mean C = 26
|Aug mean C = 26.3
|Sep mean C = 26.9
|Oct mean C = 27.7
|Nov mean C = 28
|Dec mean C = 27

|Jan low C = 22.4
|Feb low C = 22.3
|Mar low C = 22.3
|Apr low C = 22.6
|May low C = 22.5
|Jun low C = 21.7
|Jul low C = 21
|Aug low C = 21.1
|Sep low C = 21.6
|Oct low C = 22.5
|Nov low C = 23
|Dec low C = 22.5

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 260
|Feb precipitation mm = 239
|Mar precipitation mm = 254
|Apr precipitation mm = 179
|May precipitation mm = 107
|Jun precipitation mm = 72
|Jul precipitation mm = 41
|Aug precipitation mm = 11
|Sep precipitation mm = 11
|Oct precipitation mm = 38
|Nov precipitation mm = 122
|Dec precipitation mm = 239

|Jan humidity = 82.9
|Feb humidity = 83.5
|Mar humidity = 84.2
|Apr humidity = 80.8
|May humidity = 80.1
|Jun humidity = 77.5
|Jul humidity = 74.9
|Aug humidity = 72.8
|Sep humidity = 72.2
|Oct humidity = 72.1
|Nov humidity = 75.6
|Dec humidity = 81.2

| source 1 = Climate-Data.org (temp & precip)<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://en.climate-data.org/asia/indonesia/east-java/pamekasan-977165/
| title = Climate: Pamekasan
| publisher = Climate-Data.org
| access-date = 21 August 2020}}
</ref>

| source 2 = Weatherbase (humidity)<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=602444&cityname=Pamekasan-East-Java-Indonesia
| title = Pamekasan, Indonesia
| publisher = Weatherbase
| access-date = 21 August 2020}}
</ref>
}}

According to [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification]], the climate of coastal Madura is [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical savannah]] (''Aw'').

{{Weather box
|location = Payudan Nangger, [[Sumenep Regency|Sumenep]], [[East Java]] (elevation {{convert|337|m|sp=us|disp=or}})
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 28.7
|Feb high C = 28.7
|Mar high C = 29
|Apr high C = 29.7
|May high C = 29.7
|Jun high C = 29.4
|Jul high C = 29
|Aug high C = 29.5
|Sep high C = 30.3
|Oct high C = 31
|Nov high C = 30.8
|Dec high C = 29.4

|Jan mean C = 24.5
|Feb mean C = 24.5
|Mar mean C = 24.8
|Apr mean C = 25.3
|May mean C = 25.2
|Jun mean C = 24.8
|Jul mean C = 24.3
|Aug mean C = 24.6
|Sep mean C = 25.2
|Oct mean C = 26
|Nov mean C = 26
|Dec mean C = 25

|Jan low C = 20.4
|Feb low C = 20.4
|Mar low C = 20.6
|Apr low C = 20.9
|May low C = 20.8
|Jun low C = 20.3
|Jul low C = 19.7
|Aug low C = 19.7
|Sep low C = 20.2
|Oct low C = 21
|Nov low C = 21.2
|Dec low C = 20.7

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 331
|Feb precipitation mm = 288
|Mar precipitation mm = 294
|Apr precipitation mm = 219
|May precipitation mm = 116
|Jun precipitation mm = 66
|Jul precipitation mm = 39
|Aug precipitation mm = 17
|Sep precipitation mm = 11
|Oct precipitation mm = 63
|Nov precipitation mm = 172
|Dec precipitation mm = 272

| source 1 = Climate-Data.org (temp & precip)<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://en.climate-data.org/asia/indonesia/east-java/payudan-nangger-608235/
| title = Climate: Payudan Nangger, Sumenep
| publisher = Climate-Data.org
| access-date = 21 August 2020}}
</ref>
}}

According to [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification]], the climate of inland Madura is [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical savannah]] (''Aw'').

==Culture==
===Bull racing===
[[File:Madura bull racing 1999.jpeg|thumb|left|Bull racing in [[Sumenep]], Madura]]
Madura is famous for its bull-racing competition (called ''[[karapan sapi]]''), where a [[jockey]], usually a young boy, rides a simple wooden sled pulled by a pair of [[bull]]s over a course of about 100 meters in ten to fifteen seconds.

===Music and theatre===
Several forms of music and theatre are popular on Madura, particularly among lower-class people for whom they provide an inexpensive form of entertainment and community-building. The ''topeng'' theatre, which involves [[mask]]ed performances of classic stories such as the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], is the Madurese performance artist best known outside the island, due to its role as a representative Madurese art form at exhibitions of regional cultures from all over Indonesia. However, performances of it are rare on Madura and are generally restricted to entertainment at large official functions. The less formal ''loddrok'' theatre, where performers do not wear masks and perform a wider range of themes, is more popular on the island.

The [[gamelan]] orchestra, best known as a classical Javanese instrument, is also played on Madura, where several of the former royal courts, such as at Bangkalan and Sumenep, possess elaborate gamelans. ''Tongtong'' music, more exclusive to Madura, is played on several wooden or bamboo drums, and often accompanies bull-racing competitions.

===Vessels===
The Madurese are considered to be excellent sailors. Madurese vessels loaded with cargoes of wood from other islands, like [[Borneo]], used to ply their trade between Indonesia and [[Singapore]]. Traditional vessels of Madura include the [[golekan]], [[leti leti]] (or leteh-leteh), [[lis-alis]], and [[Janggolan#Madurese janggolan|janggolan]].<ref>Clifford W. Hawkins, ''Praus of Indonesia'' {{ISBN|0-333-31810-2}} / 0-333-31810-2</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite thesis |author=Akhmad Saiful Ali |date=1994 |title=Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17 |publisher=Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel|url=http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/11596/|location=Surabaya|language=id}}
* Bouvier, Hélène (1994) ''La matière des émotions. Les arts du temps et du spectacle dans la société madouraise (Indonésie).'' Publications de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, vol. 172. Paris : EFEO. {{ISBN|2-85539-772-3}}.
* Farjon, I.(1980) ''Madura and surrounding islands : an annotated bibliography, 1860-1942'' The Hague: M. Nijhoff. Bibliographical series (Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands)) ; 9.
* Kees van Dijk, Huub de Jonge, and Elly Touwen-Bouswsma, eds. (1995). ''Across Madura Strait: the dynamics of an insular society''. Leiden: KITLV Press. {{ISBN|90-6718-091-2}}.
* {{cite book|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs|last=Ricklefs|first=M.C.|title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AAdBQAAQBAJ|date=2008-09-11|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-05201-8|pages=46–48}}
* Smith, Glenn (1995) ''Time Allocation Among the Madurese of Gedang-Gedang. Cross-Cultural Studies in Time Allocation,'' Volume XIII. New Haven, Connecticut: Human Relations Area Files Press.
* Smith, Glenn (2002) ''Bibliography of Madura (including Bawean, Sapudi and Kangean).'' [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/Biblio/biblio_madura1.html]

[[Category:Sanskrit-language names]]
[[Category:Madura Island| ]]
[[Category:Greater Sunda Islands]]
[[Category:Islands of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Indonesia]]

Madura Island - Revision history

Soldier at 14:48, 8 September 2023