imported>Gotitbro at 11:35, 18 August 2021

2021-08-18T11:35:28Z

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{{Short description|Native Language of Magar People}}{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the Magyar language, known in English as [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Magar
| altname = Dhut
| nativename = ढुट मगर
| states = [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| region =
| ethnicity = 1.9 million [[Magar people]] (2011 census of Nepal)<ref name=e18/>
| speakers = {{sigfig|841,700|2}}
| date = 2001–2006
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Magaric languages|Magaric]]
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| nation = {{flag|India}}
* [[Sikkim]] (additional)<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |page=109 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| lc1 = mgp
| ld1 = Eastern Magar
| lc2 = mrd
| ld2 = Western Magar
| glotto = maga1261
| glottorefname = Magar
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Dhut magar''' ({{lang-ne|ढुट मगर}}, {{IPA-ne|ɖʱuʈ|lang}}) is a language spoken mainly in [[Nepal]], Southern [[Bhutan]], and in [[Darjeeling]] and [[Sikkim]], [[India]], by the [[Magar people]]. It is divided into two groups (Eastern and Western) and further dialect divisions give distinct tribal identity.<ref name="dialect2">{{cite web|title=The Eastern Magar of Nepal|url=http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318061151/http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html|archive-date=2007-03-18|access-date=2007-09-12}}</ref> In Nepal 788,530 people speak the language.

While the government of Nepal developed Magar language curricula, as provisioned by the constitution, the teaching materials have never successfully reached Magar schools, where most school instruction is in the [[Nepali language]].<ref name=government>{{cite web |url=http://www.ogmios.org/204.htm |title=Mother Tongue Education for Social Inclusion and Conflict Resolution |author=B. K. Rana |publisher=Foundation for Endangered Languages |access-date=2007-09-12 |work=Appeals, News and Views from Endangered Communities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216230828/http://www.ogmios.org/204.htm |archive-date=2003-02-16 }}</ref> It is not unusual for groups with their own language to feel that the "mother-tongue" is an essential part of identity.

Dhut Magar language is sometimes lumped with [[Kham language|Kham Magar language]] spoken further west in Bheri, Dhaulagiri, and Rapti zones. Although the two languages share many common words, they have major structural differences and are not mutually intelligible.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_20_02_02.pdf | title=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal - A General Survey | first=Tej R. | last=Kansakar | journal=Contributions to Nepalese Studies | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=165–173 | date=July 1993 | access-date=7 December 2020 }}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==

=== Western Magar ===
Western Magar (dialects: ''Palpa'' and ''Syangja'') is spoken in the following [[districts of Nepal]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').
* [[Lumbini Zone]]: [[Palpa District]]
* [[Gandaki Zone]]: [[Syangja District]], and [[Tanahu District]]
* Small border area in [[Dhawalagiri Zone]]: [[Parbat District]]
* Scattered throughout [[Bheri Zone]]: especially in [[Surkhet District]], [[Jajarkot District]], and [[Dailekh District]]
* Magars are also live in the district named parbat which is located in the western part of Nepal.

=== Eastern Magar ===
Eastern Magar (dialects: ''Gorkha'', ''Nawalparasi'', and ''Tanahu'') is spoken in the following [[districts of Nepal]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').
* ''Zone 1: central mountains of Nepal east of the [[Bagmati River]]''
** [[Gandaki Zone]]: [[Tanahu District]] and southern [[Gorkha District]]
** [[Lumbini Zone]]: [[Palpa District]] and [[Nawalparasi District]]
** Small border area in [[Bagmati Zone]]: [[Dhading District]]
* ''Zone 2: eastern Nepal''
** [[Sindhuli District]], [[Janakpur Zone]]
** [[Okhaldhunga District]], [[Sagarmatha Zone]]
**[[Udayapur District]]
** Scattered communities in central [[Kosi Zone]][[Dhankuta District]] [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]] and southern [[Mechi Zone]][[Illam]] [[Jhapa District]]
** Some Place/State of [[India]] [[Sikkim]] [[Darjeeling]] [[Assam]] [[Manipur]]
** Southern Part of [[Bhutan]]

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|t̪}}*
|{{IPA|t}}
|
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPA|t̪ʰ}}*
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|d̪}}*
|{{IPA|d}}
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|{{IPA|bʱ}}
|{{IPA|d̪ʱ}}*
|{{IPA|dʱ}}
|
|{{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|
|{{IPA|t͡s}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|
|
|{{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|{{IPA|d͡z}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|
|
|{{IPA|d͡zʱ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|
|{{IPA|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|
|{{IPA|n}}
|
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|{{IPA|mʱ}}
|
|{{IPA|nʱ}}
|
|{{IPA|ŋʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|
|
|{{IPA|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|{{IPA|ɹ}}
|{{IPA|j}}
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|{{IPA|wʱ}}
|
|{{IPA|ɹʱ}}
|{{IPA|jʱ}}
|
|
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>-only occur in the Tanahu dialect.

{{IPA|[ʔ]}} is only a marginal phoneme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A descriptive grammar of two Magar dialects of Nepal: Tanahu and Syangja Magar|last=Grunow-Hårsta|first=Karen A.|year=2008|location=University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee|pages=32–67}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Phoneme
!Allophones
|-
|{{IPA|/p/}}
|{{IPA|[p̚]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|{{IPA|[ɸ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|{{IPA|[tʲ], [t̚], [ʈ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|{{IPA|[θ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|{{IPA|[dʲ], [ɖ], [ɽ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|{{IPA|[kʲ], [k̚]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|{{IPA|[x]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|{{IPA|[ɡʲ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/t͡s/}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/dz/}}
|{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/d͡zʱ/}}
|{{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|{{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|{{IPA|[ɦ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|{{IPA|[nʲ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|{{IPA|[ŋʲ]}}
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʌ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
![[Diphthong]]s
|-
|{{IPA|/ia/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/iu/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/ei/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/eu/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/aɪ/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/au/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/oi/}}
|}
<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Phoneme
!Allophones
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|[i] [ɪ] [i̤] [i̤ː] [ĩ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/e/}}
|{{IPA|[e] [ɛ] [ẽ] [e̤] [e̤ː]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/a/}}
|{{IPA|[ä] [æ] [ä̃] [äˑ] [ä̤] [ä̤ː]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|[u] [ʊ] [u̟] [ṳ] [ṳː] [ũ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
|{{IPA|[ʌ] [ə] [ə̃] [ʌ̤] [ʌ̃]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/o/}}
|{{IPA|[o] [o̟] [õ] [oˑ] [o̤] [o̤ː]}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Nishi 西
| first = Yoshio 義郎
| author-link = Yoshio Nishi
| editor1-first = 孝 Takashi
| editor1-last = 亀井 Kamei
| editor2-first = 六郎 Rokurō
| editor2-last = 河野 Kōno
| editor3-first = 栄一 Eichi
| editor3-last = 千野 Chino
| encyclopedia = 三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics
| title = マガル語
| trans-title = Magar, (''LSI'') Māgarī, Magar, Mangar
| language = ja
| year = 1992e
| publisher = 三省堂 Sanseido Press
| volume = 4
| location = Tokyo
| isbn = 4385152128
| pages = 28a-40b
}}
* Shepherd, Gary, and Barbara Shepherd. ''A Vocabulary of the Magar Language''. Comparative vocabularies of languages of Nepal. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics [and] Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University, 1972.
* Shepherd, Gary, and Barbara Shepherd. ''Magar Phonemic Summary''. Tibeto-Burman phonemic summaries, 8. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University, 1971.

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=mgp}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NP&seq=30 detailed language map, western Nepal. Eastern Magar is language #33; Western Magar is #113.]
*ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0213 Magar language documentation materials]
*[http://linguistgeek.wixsite.com/themagarlanguage The Magar language - Linguistics research - Folktales in Magar (Western) - Nepal]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Greater Magaric languages}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Magaric languages]]

Magar language - Revision history

imported>Gotitbro at 11:35, 18 August 2021