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{{Short description|Sutta narrating the Mahaparinibbana of Gautama Buddha}}
{{For|the Mahayana sutra|Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra}}
{{italic title}}
The '''''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta''''' is [[sutra|Sutta]] 16 in the ''[[Dīgha Nikāya]]'', a scripture belonging to the [[Sutta Piṭaka]] of [[Theravāda Buddhism]]. It concerns the end of [[Gautama Buddha#Mahaparinirvana|Gautama Buddha]]'s life - his [[parinirvana|parinibbāna]] - and is the longest sutta of the [[Pāli Canon]]. Because of its attention to detail, it has been resorted to as the principal source of reference in most standard accounts of the Buddha's death.<ref>Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Paul Williams, Published by Taylor & Francis, 2005. page 190</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==Content==
The sutta begins a few days before the rainy retreat when Vassakara, the minister, visited the Buddha in [[Rajgir]] on the initiative of [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]], a king of the [[Haryanka dynasty]] of [[Magadha]]. The narrative continues beyond the three months of the rainy retreat and records the passing away of the Buddha, his cremation and the division of relics finally ending with the erection of eight [[cetiya]]s or monuments enshrining the relics of the Buddha.<ref>http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/mission-accomplished.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> This shows the Indian origin of Buddhist funeral customs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83184/Buddhism/68767/Funeral-rites#ref888742|title = Buddhism | Definition, Beliefs, Origin, Systems, & Practice | Britannica| date=15 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Versions==
There are numerous versions of the ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta''. Among them, the Pali version is of an early date in respect of language and contents. The ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta'' is of utmost historical and cultural value and therefore it has become a sourcebook for students of Buddhism, Buddha biography and history of Buddhist thought and literature. Other versions of the text exist in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese.

==Date of Composition==
On the basis of [[philology|philological]] evidence, Indologist and Pali expert [[Oskar von Hinüber]] says that some of the Pali suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta''. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350-320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the short chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but also reminds us that such a text was originally intended more as [[hagiography]] than as an exact historical record of events).<ref>[[Oskar von Hinüber]] [https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8977/2870 "Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts"], in ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'', Volume 29, Number 2: 2006 (2008), pp.198-206</ref><ref>''see also'': [[Michael Witzel]], (2009), [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940 "Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods."] in ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 52(2-3): 287-310.</ref>

The contents of narratives about the [[First Buddhist Council]] follow closely the narrative presented in the ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta'', leading scholars like [[Louis Finot (archaeologist)|Louis Finot]] and [[Erich Frauwallner]] to conclude that they originally formed a single continuous narrative.<ref name=Frauwallner>{{cite book
| last = Frauwallner
| first = Erich
| author-link = Erich Frauwallner
| title = The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
| publisher = Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente
| date = 1956
| location = Rome
| pages = 41–46
| language = English
| isbn = 8857526798
}}</ref> These narratives of the First Council and found in part or in whole in all six extant [[Vinaya]] traditions, whose organization and basic contents are believed by many scholars to stem from [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|before the earliest schisms]] in the Buddhist Sangha.<ref name=Frauwallner/><ref name=eob>{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Vinaya
| encyclopedia = MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
| last = Schopen
| first = Gregory
| author-link = Gregory Schopen
| pages = 885–89
| year = 2004
| publisher = MacMillan Reference USA
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-02-865719-5
| volume = 1
}}</ref> In some versions, the contents of the Sutta are included before the narrative of the First Council that ends the Skandhaka section of the Vinaya Pitakas. In other cases, the sutta narrative and the council narrative are divided between the Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka.<ref name=Frauwallner/>

==See also==
*[[Pāli Canon]]
*[[Sutta Piṭaka]]
*[[Digha Nikāya]]
*[[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]
*[[Shinnyo-en]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title="Mahāparinibbānasuttanta", in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=502–504|isbn=9780691157863}}
* Rhys Davids, T. W. and C. A. F. trans. (1910). [https://archive.org/details/dialoguesofbuddh02davi ''Dialogues of the Buddha'', part II], Oxford University Press, pp. 78–191.
* von Hinüber, Oskar (2009). [https://icabs.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=135&item_no=1&page_id=15&block_id=18 Cremated like a King: The Funeral of the Buddha within the Ancient Indian Cultural Context], Journal of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies 13, 33-66
* Walshe, Maurice, trans. (1987). “Mahaparinibbana Sutta: The Great Passing.” In Thus Have I Heard: The Long Discourses of the Buddha. London: Wisdom Publications.

==External links==
'''Pali text'''

* [https://suttacentral.net/dn16/pli/ms Mahāparinibbānasutta in the original Pali] SuttaCentral

'''Translations'''

* [https://suttacentral.net/dn16/ The Great Discourse on the Buddha's Extinguishment], translation by [[Bhikkhu Sujato]]
* [https://suttacentral.net/dn16/ The Discourse about the Great Emancipation], translation by Bhikkhu Ānandajoti
*[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html "Maha-parinibbana Sutta,"] or [http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh067.pdf PDF], translated from the Pali by Sister Vajira & Francis Story

'''Essays'''

*[http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/lou.htm "Mahaparinibbana-sutta and Cullavagga,"] article by [[Louis Finot (archeologist)|Louis Finot]], published in the "Indian Historical Quarterly" (8:2, 1932 June 1, pp. 241–46), concerning the Mahaparinibbana Sutta and a related text.
*[http://www.lankalibrary.com/Bud/buddha_death.htm "Did Buddha die of mesenteric infarction?"] by Ven. Dr. Mettanando Bhikkhu, a Thai monk and former medical doctor, published in the "Bangkok Post" (2000 May 17).

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}

[[Category:Digha Nikaya]]

Mahaparinibbana Sutta - Revision history

Bharatwiki Socrates at 06:14, 20 November 2023