Ajay Kumar at 14:58, 23 July 2023

2023-07-23T14:58:39Z

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{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}

'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahisya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally [[agrarian society|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Society|first=Indian Anthropological|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society|date=2005|publisher=The Society|pages=187–191|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas|title=Man and Life|date=1992|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarma|first=Jyotirmoyee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus|date=1980|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7|pages=119|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0|language=en}}</ref>

Mahisyas traditionally lived in Bengal and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=G.K.|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India|publisher=Firma KLM|year=2000|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ |title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change |date=2022-09-26 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 |pages=121–134 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ |title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal |last2=Heierstad |first2=Geir |last3=Nielsen |first3=Kenneth Bo |date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Partha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=73|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste |title=Tropical Man |date=1972 |publisher=E.J. Brill |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Beech|first1=Robert Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper|last2=Beech|first2=Mary Jane|date=1969|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University|pages=107|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Gouripada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle|date=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=158|language=en}}</ref>

==Mythology==
According to ancient texts like [[Manusmriti]], the term ''Mahishya'' refers to one born to a [[Kshatriya]] father and a [[Vaishya]] mother, supposed to be engaged in the profession of [[astronomy]] or [[agriculture]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agarwalla|first1=Shyam. S.|title=Religion and Caste Politics|date=1998|publisher=Rawat Publications|page=133|isbn=9788170334682|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOJ4AAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya+varna}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Sangeet|title=Changing Role of the Caste System: A Critique|date=2005|publisher=Rawat Publications|location=Jaipur, India|isbn=8170338816|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guhtAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya}}</ref>

==History==
The group now known as Mahishyas were originally known as Kaibartas or Kaivartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period|date=1994|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9|pages=207|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Jyotirmoyee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ |title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period|date=1994|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9|pages=179|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sur|first1=Atul Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta|title=History and Culture of Bengal|last2=Sur|first2=Atul Kumar|date=1963|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=MAJUMDAR|first=R. C.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL|date=1971|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501|title=The Past Before Us|date=2013-10-14|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|date=February 2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta|title=Ancient India|date=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=R. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)|last2=Sharma|first2=Ram Sharan|date=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8|pages=221–226|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=R. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)|last2=Sharma|first2=Ram Sharan|date=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8|pages=224|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Saswati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ |title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights |date=2020-11-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Rajat Kanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas |title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 |last2=Ray |first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta |date=1984 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=839 |language=en}}</ref>

Mahishya was an incredibly diverse caste. In [[24 Parganas]] they constituted the bulk of 'lathdar' landholders of sundarbans. In [[Nadia district]], they formed the lower middle class and some had become rich by working as 'sarkars' to the European indigo planters. In [[Calcutta]] there was a large mahishya contingent working as traders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2tuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya|title=Local Politics and Indian Nationalism, Midnapur, 1919-1944|date=1997|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-158-7|language=en}}</ref> There were the legendary rajas of Midnapore or major landed families in Calcutta. On the other hand, Mahisyas had a substantial number of lawyers and industrialists too, and numerous modest entrepreneurs in the iron foundry sector in Howrah in the mid-20th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Mahisyas and the new caste question in West Bengal politics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/mahisyas-and-the-new-caste-question-in-west-bengal-politics-1780517-2021-03-18|access-date=2021-11-13|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-05|title=In Bengal, the battle for Mahishya vote and the politics of turning OBC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/in-bengal-the-battle-for-mahishya-vote-and-the-politics-of-turning-obc-101617600433681.html|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Although among mahishyas there were numerous peasants with large landholdings, large number of them were small peasants and sharecroppers. Landless among them worked as agricultural labourers and daily-wage earners.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Partha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya|title=India's Communities|last2=India|first2=Anthropological Survey of|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|language=en}}</ref>

Although many are still involved in traditional work in rural areas, within a generation Mahishyas gave up agriculture in large numbers in favour of engineering and skilled labour in the urbanised areas of [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]]. In Howrah, the Mahishyas are the most numerous and successful businesspeople. At the turn of the 20th century, much of the land and factories were owned by [[Kayastha]]s; but by 1967, the [[Mahisya]] community owned 67 percent of the engineering businesses in the district.<ref name="Vaishyas">{{cite journal
| author = Lessinger, Johanna M.
| title = ''The New Vaishyas''.
| journal = Economic Development and Cultural Change
| year = 1982
| volume = 30
| issue = 4
| pages = 920–924
| url=
| doi = 10.1086/452603 }}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Timberg|first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_UVAQAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya|title=The Marwaris, from Traders to Industrialists|date=1978|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-0528-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Others|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&dq=mahisya&pg=PA243|title=Reader In Urban Sociology|date=1991|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-152-5|language=en}}</ref>

==Role in Independence Movement==
Mahishyas played a prominent role in the nationalist movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2tuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas|title=Local Politics and Indian Nationalism, Midnapur, 1919-1944|date=1997|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-158-7|language=en}}</ref> Deshapran [[Birendranath Sasmal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=.:: Legacy of Midnapore(Medinipur,Midnapur,Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur,East Midnapore,West Midnapore)::.|url=https://www.midnapore.in/bi.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref> led the Mahishyas against Union board taxes in 1919 which later merged with [[non-cooperation movement]] in Midnapore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&q=from+plassey+to+partition |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |pages=307–308 |language=en}}</ref> He had been a rival of Subhas Chandra Bose for the position of the Mayor of Calcutta during the 1920s.<ref name=":2" /> During [[Civil disobedience movement]](1930–34) the mahishyas paved the way for future course of actions leading to virtual breakdown of British Administration in the areas of Tamluk and [[Contai]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Tapati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VShFAAAAYAAJ&q=Mahishyas|title=Rural Development in India: A Socio-historic Approach|last2=Chattopadhyay|first2=R. N.|date=1999|publisher=National Book Organisation|isbn=978-81-85135-98-4|language=en}}</ref>

By the 1940s, Mahisyas were the backbone of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led militant nationalist movement in Midnapore and [[South Bengal]] as a whole. As a matter of fact, a majority of leaders and foot soldiers of the [[Quit India movement]] in Midnapore were Mahisyas. They had set up a parallel government [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOawCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA401|title=Modern India 1885–1947|date=1989-01-24|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-19712-5|language=en}}</ref> in [[Tamluk]] which ran for nearly two years(1942–44). It had its own army, judiciary and finance department. Biplabi, the mouthpiece of the parallel national government in Midnapore, was later published in English. Copies of the original are still available at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]] in Delhi. At the same time, some of the most devoted Gandhians in Bengal were Mahisyas, such as late [[Satish Chandra Samanta]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13237|quote=tamralipta jatiya sarkar.|title=Sarbadhinayak: life story of Sri Satis Chandra Samanta, first Sarbadhinayak of Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar|date=1982|publisher=Tamralipta Swadhinata Sangram Itihas Committee|language=en}}</ref>

==Varna status==
In 19th century Bengal, Chasi Kaibartas were identified as one of the Sat [[Shudra]]s (clean Shudras), though the [[Jalia Kaibarta]]s and the priests of the Kaibartas were considered as unclean.<ref>{{Cite book|last=MAJUMDAR|first=R. C.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL|date=1971|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA|pages=422}}</ref> The Mahishyas have generally been considered as 'middle-ranking shudras' in the caste structure of Bengal.<ref name="Nicholas2003">{{cite book|last=Nicholas|first=Ralph W|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA53e|title=Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal|publisher=Orient Longman Ltd|year=2003|isbn=978-8180280061|page=53}}</ref><ref name=Shah2004>{{cite book |last=Shah|first=Ghanshyam |title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-178-24095-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&pg=PA114 |page=114}}</ref> Like South India, the social groups of eastern India have traditionally been divided in two groups - Brahmins and Shudras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SIRCAR |first=D. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12965 |title=STUDIES IN THE SOCIETY AND ADMINISTRATION OF ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA VOL. 1 |date=1959 |publisher=FIRMA K. L. MUKHOPADHYAY, CALCUTTA |pages=115}}</ref> In 1901, Mahishyas claimed to be Vaishyas, which status was also claimed by their priests Gaudadya Brahmins for Mahishyas. In 1931 census, they claimed to be recorded as Kshatriyas or Mahishya Kshatriyas. Historian Jyotirmoyee Sarma has opined that the Varna status of Mahishyas is disputed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Jyotirmoyee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ |title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 |pages=118–120 |language=en}}</ref>

==Socio-economic condition==
Although the financial, social, and political success of Mahishyas is notable, they have often been stigmatised due to their agrarian roots and Kaibarta caste name. Mahishyas have not been averse to manual labour, which has often been considered demeaning by elite among "higher castes".<ref name="Vaishyas"/> For instance, when the battle took place between [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Birendranath Sasmal]] for the post of the chief executive officer of [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]], which then dominated political life of Bengal, Bose deftly emerged victorious.<ref name="Freedom">{{cite book
| last = Maity
| first = Sachindra
| year = 1975
| title = Freedom Movement in Midnapore
| publisher = Firma, K.L.
| location = Calcutta
| pages =
}}</ref> Although [[Chittaranjan Das]] originally proposed to reward the services of Sasmal by offering him the job, he soon backed out when he found out that the choice would offend the Kayastha clique of the city. Sasmal left the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee in utter humiliation and anger, and went into his legal practice and his control of local politics in [[Contai subdivision|Contai]] and [[Midnapore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Rajat Kanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ |title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 |date=1984 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 |pages=330–331 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1921 census Mahishyas were included in the list of "depressed classes" as Chasi-Kaibarta, but affluent individuals refused to accept the depressed class status since they believed that it would seriously jeopardize their claims to "high caste Hindu" status.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ |title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal |last2=Heierstad |first2=Geir |last3=Nielsen |first3=Kenneth Bo |date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> In 1946, however, a caste association of Mahishyas had pointed out that they were among the "intermediate and depressed" castes of Bengal being systematically deprived of their legitimate claims and shares in service.They urged the [[British government of India|British government]] to help them by granting electorate separate from that of "caste Hindus" and scheduled castes and by granting special facilities in the matters of education, appointment to all departments etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ&q=sudarshana+bhaumik |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=2022-08-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mandal Commission]] included both Chasi-Kaibarta and Mahishya in the list of 177 "backward classes" for the state of West Bengal. Since 1989, after the commission's proposals coming into force, a section among the lower middle and lower class Mahisyas mounted a low intensity campaign for [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] status. It was, however, opposed by some individuals of well-off sections, who had even gone to court against this initiative. In late 1990s Sen commission came to conclusion that Chasi-Kaibarta constituted a backward class and Mahishya as such was not a backward class in the state. By early 2000s, the OBC status was granted to Chasi-Kaibartas. Since early 2010s, better-off among Mahisyas have also been campaigning for OBC status for the caste as whole, but the group named Mahishya still belongs to [[General caste|General]] category and continues to form the largest caste of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Seventh Report |url=http://wbcbc.gov.in/advice/7th-rpt.pdf |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCuiz9sxodXx6rFC7RUTUuP8uuQ4DdwcJR73toyBDjMzv/hn6ilCP |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-10 |title=Bengal govt wary of implementing Mandal report,says OBC group |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-govt-wary-of-implementing-mandal-report-says-obc-group/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ramacharitam]]
*[[Dibar Dighi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]

Mahishya - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 14:58, 23 July 2023