Ajay Kumar at 05:42, 23 August 2023

2023-08-23T05:42:01Z

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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Malabar pied hornbill
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Anthracoceros coronatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22682433A92945240 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682433A92945240.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| image = Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus) male.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus) female.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| genus = Anthracoceros
| species = coronatus
| authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783)
}}

The '''Malabar pied hornbill''' ('''''Anthracoceros coronatus'''''), also known as lesser pied hornbill, is a bird in the [[Hornbill|hornbill family]], a family of tropical [[near-passerine]] [[bird]]s found in the [[Old World]].

==Taxonomy==
The Malabar pied hornbill was described by the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] in 1780 in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1780 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=13 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | pages=221–224 | chapter=Le calao de Malabar | language=fr | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42410706 }}</ref> The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by [[François-Nicolas Martinet]] in the ''Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle'' which was produced under the supervision of [[Edme-Louis Daubenton]] to accompany Buffon's text.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Calao, des Philippines | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=9 | place=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 873 | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35224649 }}</ref> Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] coined the [[binomial name]] ''Buceros coronatus'' in his catalogue of the ''Planches Enluminées''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Boddaert | first=Pieter | author-link=Pieter Boddaert | year=1783 | title=Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés | place=Utrecht | page=53, Number 873 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27822673 | language=fr }}</ref> The Malabar pied hornbill is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Anthracoceros]]'' that was introduced by the German naturalist [[Ludwig Reichenbach]] in 1849.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Reichenbach | first=Ludwig | author-link=Ludwig Reichenbach | year=1849 | title=Avium Systema Naturale | volume=1 | publisher=Friedrich Hofmeister | language=de | place=Dresden and Leipzig | at=Plate XLIX | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47618459 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/mousebirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 July 2019 }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]].<ref name=ioc/> The generic name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''anthrax'', meaning "coal black" and ''kerōs'', meaning "horn". The [[specific epithet]] ''coronatus'' is Latin for "crowned".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n49 49], 118 }}</ref>

==Description==
The Malabar pied hornbill is a large [[hornbill]], at {{Convert|65|cm|abbr=on}} in length. It has mainly black plumage, apart from its white belly, throat patch, tail sides and trailing edge to the wings. The bill is yellow with a large, mainly black [[casque (anatomy)|casque]]. Females have white orbital skin, which the males lack. Juveniles have no casque. It might be confused with the [[oriental pied hornbill]]. They weigh around 1kg (2.2 pounds).

==Distribution and habitat==

The Malabar pied hornbill is a common resident breeder in India and Sri Lanka. Its habitat is evergreen and moist deciduous forests, often near human settlements. It is distributed across three main regions within the Indian sub-continent: Central and Eastern India, along the [[Western Ghats]], and in [[Sri Lanka]]. In Central and Eastern India, it ranges from western West Bengal through parts of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, northern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Andhra Pradesh, and north-east tip of Telangana. Along the Western Ghats, the species is distributed in pockets along the eastern slopes and in the Konkan belt and west coast from western Maharashtra through Goa, western Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, and in Kerala. In Sri Lanka, the species occurs mainly in the low country and dry zone forests as well as home gardens.<ref>Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). ''Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.'' Volumes 1 and 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.</ref>

==Nature and behaviour==
=== Breeding ===
During incubation, the female lays two or three white eggs in a tree hole, which is blocked off with a cement made of mud, droppings and fruit pulp. There is only one narrow aperture, just big enough for the male to transfer food to the mother and chicks. When the chicks have grown too large for the mother to fit in the nest with them, she breaks out and rebuilds the wall, after which both parents feed the chicks.
=== Food and feeding ===
This species is omnivorous, taking fruits, small mammals, birds, small reptiles, insects etc. Prey is killed and swallowed whole. Figs are an important food, contributing 60% of their diet from May to February, the non-breeding season; during breeding, in March and April, up to 75% of the fruits delivered at the nest were figs. They also feed on other fruits, including those of the ''[[Strychnos nux-vomica]]'', which are toxic to many vertebrates.<ref>Balasubramanian, P.; R. Saravanan and B. Maheswaran (2004). "Fruit preferences of Malabar Pied Hornbill ''Anthracoceros coronatus'' in Western Ghats, India". Bird Conservation International 14: pp. 69-79 {{doi|10.1017/S095927090500024}} 9</ref>

Great pied hornbills and Malabar pied hornbills are frequently spotted at the township of the [[Kaiga Atomic Power Station]] near Karwar. The rich biodiversity in the forest around the plant has become a niche for a wide variety of rare bird
species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/349338/greens-pour-scorn-kaiga-hornbills.html|title=Greens pour scorn on Kaiga, but hornbills love it|date=August 6, 2013|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> A study comparing populations over a 23-year period at [[Dandeli]] found no significant change.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology| year=2011| volume=Supplement 24| pages=45–51| title=Status survey of Malabar Pied Hornbill in the Dandeli region, Northern Western Ghats, India| author=Sneha V| author2=P Davidar| name-list-style=amp| url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s24/s24rbz045-051.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002212519/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s24/s24rbz045-051.pdf| archive-date=2013-10-02}}</ref>

In central India, tribal peoples believed that hanging a skull of the hornbill (known as ''dhanchidiya'') brought wealth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hislop, Stephen|title=Papers relating to the Aboriginal tribes of the Central Provinces |year=1866| page= 6|url=https://archive.org/stream/papersrelatingto00hislrich#page/n24/mode/1up|publisher=Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces, Nagpur}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:" Malabar Pied Hornbill ".jpg|pair<br>[[Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary]]
File:MalabarPiedHornbill Dustbath.jpg|dust bathing<br>[[Karnataka]], [[India]]
File:Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus) female in flight.jpg|female in flight<br>[[Yala National Park]], [[Sri Lanka]]
File:Malabar pied hornbill at Kumta Karnataka.jpg|At [[Kumta]], Karnataka
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* ''Birds of India'' by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, {{ISBN|0-691-04910-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anthracoceros coronatus}}
*[http://www.oiseaux.net/photos/dave.behrens/malabar.pied-hornbill.2.html Oiseaux] Photo

{{Taxonbar|from=Q908959}}

[[Category:Anthracoceros|Malabar pied hornbill]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1783|Malabar pied hornbill]]

Malabar pied hornbill - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 05:42, 23 August 2023