->Renata3 at 16:56, 2 October 2021

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{{short description|Kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, in present-day West Bengal, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Mallabhum kingdom
|common_name = Mallabhum
|era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India|Classical India]]<br />[[Medieval India]]<br />[[Early Modern Period]]
|status =
|event_start =
|year_start = 694
|date_start =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event_end =
|year_end = 1947 CE
|date_end = 29 December
|p1 =
|flag_p1 =
|p2 =
|flag_p2 =
|s1 =
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|capital = [[Laugram]]<br />[[Pradyumnapur]]<br /> [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]<br />[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|leader1 = [[Adi Malla]]
|year_leader1 = 694–710 CE
|leader2 = [[Kalipada Singha Thakur]]
|year_leader2 = 1930–1983 CE
|title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
|legislature =
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=|today=}}
'''Mallabhum kingdom'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bishnupur |title=Bishnupur |quote="Mallabhum kingdom" |website=Britannica }}</ref> (also known as '''Mallabhoom''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steemers |first1=Koen |title=Architecture, City, Environment: Proceedings of PLEA 2000 : July 2000 ...|publisher=James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd|isbn=1902916166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ee4XH1wFFFYC&q=Mallabhoom&pg=PA377|page=377|year=2000 }}</ref> {{lang-bn|মল্লভূম}} or '''Bishnupur kingdom''') was the kingdom ruled by the [[Malla (Ancient India)|Malla]] kings of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], primarily in the present [[Bankura district]] in Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
| style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"|
<div class="center">
;[[Bishnupur, Bankura]] [[terracotta]] temples
</div>
|-
|
<gallery>
Image:Jor Mandir 4 Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Temple
Image:Shyam Ray Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Shyam Ray Temple
Image:Radhamadhab Temple (general view) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Radhamadhab Temple
</gallery>
|-
|
<gallery>
Image:Kalachand Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Kalachand Temple
Image:Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Keshta Roy Temple
File:'Panchchura' temple, Bishnupur.jpg|Panchchura Temple
</gallery>
|}

===Territory of the Mallabhum ===
It is told that Mallabhum is the territory, which included [[Bankura]], a part of [[Burdwan]], [[Birbhum]], [[Santhal Parganas]], [[Midnapur]] and also a part of [[Purulia]]. The Malla Rajas ruled over the vast territory in the south-western part of present [[West Bengal]] and a part of southeastern [[Jharkhand]].{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=12}}

====Extent====
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}
The area around Bishnupur and Bankura was called Mallabhum. The core area would cover present day Bankura police station area (excluding [[Chhatna]]), [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]], Bishnupur, [[Kotulpur]] and [[Indas]]. In olden days the term was used for a much larger area, which probably was the furthest extent of the Bishnupur kingdom. In the north it stretched from [[Damin-i-koh]] in [[Santhal Parganas]] to [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] in the south. It included the eastern part of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] and included parts of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] in the west.<ref name=omalley2>O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21–46, 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal</ref>

According to O'Malley, the Rajas of Bishnupur were also known as Malla kings. ''Malla'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word meaning ''wrestler'' but there could be some links with the Mal tribes of the area, who had intimate connection with the [[Bagdi (caste)|Bagdis]].<ref name=omalley2/>

From around 7th century CE till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]].<ref name=omalley2/> The legends of [[Bipodtarini Devi]] are associated with Malla Kings of Bishnupur.<ref name=pl>{{cite book|last=Östör|first=Ákos |title=Play of the Gods: Locality, Ideology, Structure, And Time In The Festivals Of A Bengali Town |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ASi04hC0BQC&q=Bipadtarini&pg=PA43|date=9 September 2015|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-013-9|page=43}}</ref>

==Administration==

===Taxation of Mallabhum===
According to Bhattacharjee, Tarun Dev (1982) during Malla period, the society was centred round the village. The tax collectors were called as Gumasta and their assistants as Aat Pahari or Paik The Mukhiya or Mandal was the title of headman, who was regarded as the
guardian of the village. Malla kings had several service groups. Due to scarcity of money, the Malla kings used to present land instead of salary to all these service groups. This type of land is again of two types – namely the Panchaki jamin or land with a little tax and another one is the Bepanchaki jamin or land without any tax. Again the lands were named as per the service groups name as Senapati mahal for the head of the soldier, land given to the sentry was Mahalbera Mahal, and land given to the bodyguard was Chharidar Mahal.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=19-20}}

==Malla calendar==
Malla's started their own calendar that is Malla era (Mallabda). It is told that Malla era started from [[Indra]] [[Dwadasi]] day in the year 102 [[Bengali calendar]] of the month [[Bhadro]] (August- September).{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=19}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Sl. No.
!Name of the king{{Sfn|Dasgupta|Biswas|Mallik|2009|p=31-43}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mallik|first1=Abhaya Pada|title=History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal|date=1921|publisher=Calcutta|pages=128–130|edition=the University of Michigan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF4dAAAAMAAJ|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
!Gregorian calendar
!Bengali calendar
!Malla calendar
!Reign (year)
|-
|1
|[[Adi Malla]]
|694
|102
|1
|16
|-
|2
|[[Jay Malla]]
|710
|117
|16
|10
|-
|3
|Benu Malla
|720
|127
|26
|13
|-
|4
|[[Kinu Malla]]
|733
|140
|39
|9
|-
|5
|Indra Malla
|742
|149
|48
|15
|-
|6
|[[Kanu Malla]]
|757
|164
|63
|7
|-
|7
|Dha (Jhau) Malla
|764
|171
|70
|11
|-
|8
|[[Shur Malla]]
|775
|182
|81
|20
|-
|9
|Kanak Malla
|795
|202
|101
|12
|-
|10
|Kandarpa Malla
|807
|214
|113
|21
|-
|11
|Sanatan Malla
|828
|235
|134
|13
|-
|12
|[[Kharga Malla]]
|841
|248
|147
|21
|-
|13
|Durjan (Durjay) Malla
|862
|269
|168
|44
|-
|14
|[[Yadav Malla]]
|906
|313
|212
|13
|-
|15
|Jagannath Malla
|919
|326
|225
|12
|-
|16
|Birat Malla
|931
|338
|237
|15
|-
|17
|Mahadev Malla
|946
|353
|252
|31
|-
|18
|Durgadas Malla
|977
|384
|283
|17
|-
|19
|[[Jagat Malla]]
|994
|401
|300
|13
|-
|20
|Ananta Malla
|1007
|414
|313
|8
|-
|21
|Rup Malla
|1015
|422
|321
|14
|-
|22
|Sundar Malla
|1029
|436
|335
|24
|-
|23
|Kumud Malla
|1053
|460
|359
|21
|-
|24
|Krishna Malla
|1074
|481
|380
|10
|-
|25
|Rup II (Jhap) Malla
|1084
|491
|390
|13
|-
|26
|[[Prakash Malla]]
|1097
|504
|403
|5
|-
|27
|Pratap Malla
|1102
|509
|408
|11
|-
|28
|Sindur Malla
|1113
|520
|419
|16
|-
|29
|Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla
|1129
|536
|435
|13
|-
|30
|Banamali Malla
|1142
|549
|448
|14
|-
|31
|Yadu/Jadu Malla
|1156
|563
|462
|11
|-
|32
|Jiban Malla
|1167
|574
|473
|13
|-
|33
|[[Ram Malla]]
|1185
|592
|491
|24
|-
|34
|Gobinda Malla
|1209
|616
|515
|31
|-
|35
|[[Bhim Malla]]
|1240
|647
|546
|23
|-
|36
|Katar(Khattar) Malla
|1263
|670
|569
|32
|-
|37
|[[Prithwi Malla]]
|1295
|702
|601
|24
|-
|38
|Tapa Malla
|1319
|726
|625
|15
|-
|39
|[[Dinabandhu Malla]]
|1334
|741
|640
|11
|-
|40
|Kinu/Kanu II Malla
|1345
|752
|651
|13
|-
|41
|Shur Malla II
|1358
|765
|664
|12
|-
|42
|[[Shiv Singh Malla]]
|1370
|777
|676
|37
|-
|43
|[[Madan Malla]]
|1407
|814
|713
|13
|-
|44
|Durjan II (Durjay) Malla
|1420
|827
|726
|17
|-
|45
|Uday Malla
|1437
|844
|743
|23
|-
|46
|[[Chandra Malla]]
|1460
|867
|766
|41
|-
|47
|[[Bir Malla]]
|1501
|908
|807
|53
|-
|48
|[[Dhari Malla]]
|1554
|961
|860
|11
|-
|49
|[[Bir Hambir|Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir)]]
|1565
|972
|871
|55
|-
|50
|[[Dhari Hambir Malla Dev]]
|1620
|1027
|926
|6
|-
|51
|[[Raghunath Singha Dev]]
|1626
|1033
|932
|30
|-
|52
|[[Bir Singha Dev]]
|1656
|1063
|962
|26
|-
|53
|[[Durjan Singha Dev]]
|1682
|1089
|988
|20
|-
|54
|[[Raghunath Singha Dev II]]
|1702
|1109
|1008
|10
|-
|55
|[[Gopal Singha Dev]]
|1712
|1119
|1018
|36
|-
|56
|[[Chaitanya Singha Dev]]
|1748
|1155
|1054
|53
|-
|57
|[[Madhav Singha Dev]]
|1801
|1208
|1107
|8
|-
|58
|[[Gopal Singha Dev II]]
|1809
|1216
|1115
|67
|-
|59
|[[Ramkrishna Singha Dev]]
|1876
|1283
|1182
|9
|-
|
|Dwhaja Moni Devi
|1885
|1292
|1191
|4
|-
|60
|[[Nilmoni Singha Dev]]
|1889
|1296
|1195
|14
|-
|
|Churamoni Devi (Regency)
|1903
|1310
|1209
|14
|-
|61
|[[Kalipada Singha Thakur]]
|1930–1983
|1337 – 1390
|1236–1289
|53
|}

===Mallabhum temples===
{{See also|List of temples in Bishnupur}}
According to Dr. Bloch, Superintendent of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], Eastern Circle, the twelve date temples range
in chronological order as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Bankura Gazetteer CHAPTER XIV |url= http://bankura.gov.in/Gazet/Chapter_14.PDF |website=bankura.gov.in |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=2 February 2016 |page=185}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Date in
Malla year
!Date C.E.
!Name of temple
!By Whom built
|-
|928
|1622
|Malleswar
|Bir Singha, son of Raghunath Singha
|-
|949
|1643
|Syam Rai
|Raghunath Singha
|-
|961
|1655
|Jor Bangla
|Raghunath Singha
|-
|962
|1656
|Kala Chand
|Raghunath Singha
|-
|964
|1658
|Lalji
|Bir Singha
|-
|971
|1665
|Madan Gopal
|Siromani, wife of Bir Singha
|-
|971
|1665
|Murali Mohan
|Churamoni /Siromoni Devi, wife of Bir Singha
|-
|1000
|1694
|Madan Mohan
|Durjan Singha
|-
|1032
|1726
|Jor Mandir
|Gopal Singha
|-
|1035
|1729
|Radha Gobind
|Krishna Singha, son of Gopal Singha
|-
|1043
|1737
|Radha Madhab
|Churamoni
|-
|1064
([[Indian national calendar|Saka]] 1680)
|1758
|Radha Syam
|Chaitanya Singha
|}

===Notable===
Bishnupur is famous for its terracotta craft, [[Baluchari Sari]] and [[Mallabhum Sari]] made of [[Tassar silk]] and was for almost a thousand years the capital of the Malla kings of Mallabhum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dr.S.N. |title=West Bengal General Knowledge Digest |date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |isbn=9788174822826 |pages=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0F6QKfiktQC|access-date=26 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=App |first1=Urs |title=The Birth of Orientalism |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0812200058 |pages=302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iTIXXjyXPQC|access-date=26 January 2016|language=en|date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

===Reservoir===
[[Bir Singha Dev]] also had the seven big lakes or tanks, called Lalbandh, Krishnabandh, Gantatbandh, Jamunabandh, Kalindibandh, Shyambandh, and pokabandh excavated, and erected.<ref name=omalley3>[http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=bengal%20district%20gazetteers%20bankura&author1=o%27malley,%20l.s.s&subject1=west%20bengal%28india%29,%20statistics&year=1908%20&language1=english&pages=207&barcode=99999990038739&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=ignca&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=0000-00-00&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=tagged%20image%20file%20format%20&url=/data8/upload/0236/022 Bengal District Gazetteers Bankura]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, 1908, Barcode(99999990038739), Language english, pp. 21–41(26), 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal from [http://www.dli.gov.in Digital Library of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229163832/http://www.dli.gov.in/ |date=29 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
<gallery>
File:Rasmancha, Bishnupur, Bankura.jpg|Rasmancha (1600 CE)
File:Rasmancha (eastern view) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Rasmancha (1600 CE)
Image:Jor Mandir 4 Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Mandir (1726 CE)
Image:Radhamadhab Temple (general view) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Radhamadhab Temple (1737 CE)
Image:Kalachand Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Kalachand Temple (1656 CE)
Image:Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor-Bangla Temple or Keshta Roy Temple (1655 CE)
Image:Jor Mandir 8 Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Mandir complex (1726 CE)
Image:Madan Mohan Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Madan Mohan Temple (1694 CE)
Image:Radha-Gobinda Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Radha-Gobinda Temple (1729 CE)
Image:Shyam Ray Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Shyam Ray Temple (1643 CE)
File:Bishnpur fort gate.jpg|Bishnpur fort gate
File:'Panchchura' temple, Bishnupur.jpg|Panchchura temple
File:Stone chariot of Bishnupur.jpg|Stone chariot of Bishnupur
File:Nandalal Temple Bishnupur.JPG|Nandalal Temple
File:The gate Of 'Rashmancha', Bishnupur.jpg|Rashmancha (gate)
File:Jor Bangla Temple (arches) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Bangla Temple (arches)
File:Terracotta work on Jor Bangla temple, Bishnupur 3.JPG|Jor Bangla temple (Terracotta work)
File:Jor Bangla Temple (Ramayana motifs) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Bangla Temple (Ramayana motifs)
File:Terracotta work on Shyamrai Temple Bishnupur 8.JPG|Shyamrai Temple (Terracotta work)
File:RasChakra.jpg|Shyamrai Temple (RasChakra)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation|last1=Dasgupta|first2=Samira|last2=Biswas|first3=Rabiranjan|last3=Mallik|first1=Gautam Kumar|title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur|publisher=A Mittal Publication|isbn=978-8183242943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&pg=PA18|date=2009|page=20}}

==Further reading==

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Mallabhum}}
{{Bengal Nobility}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Mallabhum| ]]
[[Category:Bankura district]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 690s]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 7th century]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]]

Mallabhum kingdom - Revision history

->Renata3 at 16:56, 2 October 2021