Kishore121 at 12:56, 31 December 2025

2025-12-31T12:56:17Z

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{{Short description|Village near Jammu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Manda
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_alt = India
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_size = 270
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Manda, [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], [[India]]
| region = India
| type = Settlement
| part_of = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = 400BC <ref name="Kumar 2012">{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>
| abandoned = 300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162}}</ref>
| epochs = 2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')

(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>

78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref name="Higham 212">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1976-77
| archaeologists = [[J. P. Joshi]]
| condition = Abandoned
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Manda''' is a village and an archaeological site in the [[Jammu district]] of the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during 1976-77 by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains ruins of an ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf |date=8 May 20
12 }}</ref>

==Excavation==
Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3 m wide street.<ref name=archaeology1>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.<ref name=archaeology/>

==Historical significance==
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the [[Harappan civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1"/> It is considered the northmost site (excluding [[Shortugai]]) of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="Kumar 2012">{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Higham 212">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/ |title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde |last=Shinde |first=Vasant |date=Feb 1, 2016 |at=Origin and Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware |last=Roy |first=T.N |year=1984 |volume=34 |pages=127–137 |language=English|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|author=Pokharia, Anil K, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Alka Srivastava|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|pages=442–455}}</ref>

It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>

==Artefacts==
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.<ref name=archaeology/>

Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.<ref name="archaeology" />

==Further scope==
Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name=archaeology/>

==See also==
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[Sutkagan Dor]]
* [[Alamgirpur]]
* [[Daimabad]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=Manda]

{{Jammu district}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Villages in Jammu district]]

Manda Jammu - Revision history

Kishore121 at 12:56, 31 December 2025