Adarshatva at 11:20, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T11:20:17Z

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{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the cashew family Anacardiaceae}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Mangoes (Magnifera indica) from India.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ganesan, S.K |date=2021 |title=''Mangifera indica'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T31389A67735735 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T31389A67735735.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Mangifera
| species = indica
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Mangifera'' | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:69913-1 | access-date = 8 May 2020}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Mangifera amba | Forssk.
| Mangifera anisodora | Blanco
| Mangifera austroyunnanensis | Hu
| Mangifera balba | Crevost & Lemarié
| Mangifera cambodiana | (Pierre) Anon.
| Mangifera domestica | Gaertn.
| Mangifera equina | Crevost & Lemarié
| Mangifera gladiata | Bojer
| Mangifera kukulu | Blume
| Mangifera laxiflora | Desr.
| Mangifera linnaei | Korth. ex Hassk.
| Mangifera maritima | Lechaume
| Mangifera mekongensis | (Pierre) Anon.
| Mangifera montana | B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn.
| Mangifera oryza | Crevost & Lemarié
| Mangifera rostrata | Blanco
| Mangifera rubra | Bojer
| Mangifera sativa | Roem. & Schult.
| Mangifera siamensis | Warb. ex Craib
| Mangifera viridis | Bojer
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}

'''''Mangifera indica''''', commonly known as '''[[mango]]''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Anacardiaceae]].<ref name="morton">{{cite web |author1=Morton |first=Julia F. |date=1987 |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=In: Fruits of Warm Climates; New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239}}</ref> It is a large [[fruit tree]], capable of growing to a height of {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=off|order=flip}}. There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes{{Snd}}the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".

==Description==
It is a large green tree, valued mainly for its fruits, both green and ripe.<ref name=morton/> Approximately 500 [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] have been reported in [[India]].<ref name=morton/> It can grow up to {{convert|15|-|30|m|abbr=off|-1}} tall<ref name="flower">[http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Mango.html Flowers of India]</ref> with a similar crown width and a trunk circumference of more than {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="USDA">{{cite web |title=USDA Plant guide, ''Mangifera indica'' L. |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_main3.pdf}}</ref> The [[leaves]] are simple, shiny and dark green.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref>

Red-yellow flowers appear at the end of winter, and also at the beginning of spring. Both male and female flowers are borne on same tree.<ref name=morton/> Climatic conditions have a significant influence on the time of flowering.<ref name=morton/> In the [[Indian subcontinent]], flowering starts in December in the south, in January in [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]], in February in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], and in February–March in [[northern India]]. The duration of flowering is 20–25 days for the ''Dasheri'' variety, while panicle emergence occurs in early December and flower opening is completed by February. The Neelum variety produces two crops a year in [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], but it flowers only once in North Indian conditions.<ref>[http://mango-trees.blogspot.in/2009/05/flowering-of-mango.html Flowering of mango]</ref>

The [[mango]] is an irregular, egg-shaped fruit which is a fleshy drupe.<ref name=morton/> Mangos are typically {{convert|8-12|cm|abbr=off|0}} long and greenish yellow in color. The fruits can be round, oval, heart, or kidney shaped.<ref name=morton/> Mango fruits are green when they are unripe.<ref name=morton/> The interior flesh is bright orange and soft with a large, flat pit in the middle.<ref name=morton/> Mangos are mature in April and May. Raw mangos can be used in the making of [[Indian pickle|pickles]] and [[chutneys]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khaleeli |first=Homa |date=2013-10-22 |title=A global guide to pickles |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/oct/22/guide-pickles-kimchi-achar-torshi-recipe |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ripe mangos are a popular fruit throughout the world. The skin and pulp account for 85% of the mango's weight, and the remaining 15% comes from the stone (seed).<ref name="sea">[http://www.seaofindia.com/publcations ''SEA Hand Book 2009'', Solvent Extractors' Association Of India]</ref>

=== Chemistry ===
[[Mangiferin]] (a pharmacologically active hydroxylated [[xanthone]] C-glycoside) is extracted from mango at high concentrations from the young leaves (172 g/kg), bark (107 g/kg), and from old leaves (94 g/kg).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barreto J.C. |author2=Trevisan M.T.S. |author3=Hull W.E. |author4=Erben G. |author5=De Brito E.S. |author6=Pfundstein B. |author7=Würtele G. |author8=Spiegelhalder B. |author9=Owen R.W. |year=2008 |title=Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica L.) |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=5599–5610 |doi=10.1021/jf800738r |pmid=18558692}}</ref> Allergenic [[urushiol]]s are present in the fruit peel.<ref name=":0">[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7485 Urushiol CASRN: 53237-59-5] TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network) NLM (NIH). Retrieved 22 January 2014.</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Mangoes are believed to have originated from the region between northwestern [[Myanmar]] and northeastern Indian subcontinent. ''M. indica'' were domesticated separately in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries, resulting in two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes{{Snd}}the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".<ref name="morton" /><ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |date=20 April 2017 |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |pages=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmc=5397511 |pmid=28473837 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |date=June 2019 |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The species was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name="grin">{{GRIN|access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
Since their domestication in southeastern Asia, mangoes have been introduced to other warm regions of the world.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="Kuhn" /><ref name="Warschefsky" />

The tree grows best in well-drained sandy loam; it does not grow well in heavy wet soils. The optimal [[Soil pH|pH of the soil]] should be between 5.2 and 7.5.<ref name="flower" />

== Cultivation ==
{{main|List of mango cultivars}}

== Toxicity ==
Urushiols in the fruit peel can trigger [[contact dermatitis]] in sensitised individuals.<ref name=":0" /> This reaction is more likely to occur in people who have been exposed to other plants from the family [[Anacardiaceae]], such as [[poison oak]] and [[poison ivy]], which are widespread in the United States.<ref name=":0" />

The wood is known to produce [[phenol|phenolic substances]] that can cause contact dermatitis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tu |first1=Anthony T. |title=Handbook of natural toxins |date=1983 |publisher=Dekker |isbn=0824718933 |location=New York |page=425}}</ref>

== Uses ==
{{Main|Mango}}
The tree is more known for its fruit rather than for its timber. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit-bearing lifespan has finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects.<ref name = "Database">{{cite web|title=Mango|url=http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango/|website=The Wood Database|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> The wood is used for musical instruments such as [[ukulele]]s,<ref name = "Database"/> plywood and low-cost furniture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic importance of Mangifera indica|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|website=Green Clean Guide|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207140530/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|archive-date=7 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
The mango is the [[national fruit]] of India, [[Pakistan]], and the [[Philippines]], and is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{cite web |date=15 November 2010 |title=Mango tree, national tree |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mangifera indica 1z.jpg|Young mango tree
File:Mangifera indica 2z .jpg|Mature mango tree
File:Mango tree - Dadaga.jpg|Tree with unripe fruits
Image:Mangifera indica inflorescence.jpg|Mango flowers
Image:Small baby mangoes from West Bengal, India.jpg|Baby mangoes
File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|Typical South Asian mangoes
File:Carabao mangoes (Philippines).jpg|Typical Southeast Asian mangoes
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Litz, Richard E. (ed. 2009). ''The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses'' (2nd edition). CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-489-7}}.

==External links==
* {{Commons inline|Mangifera indica}}
* {{Wikispecies inline}}
* {{Cookbook inline|Mango}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica''] has a list of helpful resources about this species.
{{Mangoes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3919027}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mangifera|indica]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Territorial symbols of Delhi (India)]]
[[Category:Territorial symbols of Chandigarh (India)]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Symbols of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Symbols of Maharashtra]]

Mangifera indica - Revision history

Adarshatva at 11:20, 5 July 2026