Nasimahamad.vitaniya at 08:47, 1 December 2024

2024-12-01T08:47:47Z

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{{Short description|Thermal springs in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox spring
| name = Manikaran hot springs
| other_name =
| photo = Outer view of the temple's hot water well and the parvati river flowing by it.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_alt = Outer view of the temple's hot water well and the parvati river flowing by it
| photo_caption = Hot springs near the Manikaram temple and Manikaran Sahib gurudwara shrine on the banks of the Parvati River
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| spring_source =
| elevation = {{convert|1760|meters}}
| coordinates = {{coords|32|02|00|N|77|24|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
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| hot_spring_type = geothermal
| type =
| provides =
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| discharge = 46 liters/min
| temperature = {{convert|195|C}}
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}}
'''Manikaran hot springs''' is a [[Hot spring|geothermal spring]] system located in the [[Kullu district|Kullu District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, on the banks of the [[Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)|Parvati River]]. The town of [[Manikaran]] has been built up around these sacred springs, and an experimental geothermal energy facility is located there.

==Description==
The [[hot spring]] water emerges from the springs at a high rate of discharge and at high temperatures; the thermal water from deep within the hot springs mixes with cold water at the surface.<ref name="UN" />

==History and folklore==
[[File:Hot springs at Manikaran,Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Hot springs at Manikaran]]
Geological phenomena such as thermal springs are often considered during ancient times in Indian civilization as evidence or manifestations of "divine power and gifts from the gods" (Rajendranath Seal, 1958).<ref>Rajendranath Seal (1958) "The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus", Moth Lal Bacardi Dass Publication, Delhi</ref> Chandrasekharam wrote that hot springs factor large in [[Hindu mythology]],<ref name="Heated Earth">{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekaram |first1=D. |title="A Prehistoric View of Thermal Springs of India", in: R. Cataldi, S.F. Hodgson and J. Lund |journal=Stories from a Heated Earth: Geothermal Research Council Special Report |date=1999 |volume=19 |pages=357–365}}</ref> for example, hot springs are associated with the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]], especially in relation to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] who is affiliated with sites of geothermal spring activity. A legend asserts that [[Parvati]] requested that Shiva assist her in finding a pair of earrings she lost. Using his [[third eye]] Shiva was able to see through the bubbling hot water to recover the earrings.<ref name="Geomyth">{{cite book |last1=Chandrasekharam |first1=D. |last2=Picardi |first2=Luigi |last3=Masse |first3=W. Bruce |title="Geomythology of India" in the book Myth and Geology |date=2007 |publisher=Geological Society of London |isbn=9781862392168 |pages=29–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7pZfLUoHJIC |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Manikaran Vashnu temple.JPG|thumb|Shiva-Parvati temple at Manikaran hot springs]]
The [[Manikaran|Manikaram]] thermal springs are considered to be a pilgrimage destination to [[Sikhs]] and Hindus, and a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[gurudwara]] shrine and place of shared worship has been built near the source of the hot springs, as have [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]]. Nearby one finds devotees cooking rice wrapped in cloth packets in the hot spring waters.<ref name="Geomyth" /><ref name="Rybus">{{cite book |last1=Rybus |first1=Greta |title=Hot Springs Photos and Stories of How the World Soaks, Swims, and Slows Down |date=2024 |publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed |isbn=9781984859389 |pages=227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDTGEAAAQBAJ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

The springs have been used for [[Balneotherapy|balneotheraputic]] purposes.<ref name="EE">{{cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Anita |last2=Sharma |first2=Avinash |title=Extreme Environments: Unique Ecosystems - Amazing Microbes |date=2021 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781000285567 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpoIEQAAQBAJ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

==Water profile==
The hot spring water has a pH of 7.3 to 7.6 and is considered slightly alkaline. The spring water is carbonated, and CO<small>2</small> gas percolates from the springs. The water contains sodium, calcium, chloride with small amounts of magnesium; analysis shows the spring water is of the Na-Ca-HCO<small>3</small>-Cl type. Trace metals have been detected in the water including cobalt, copper, strontium, nickel, silver, and zinc.<ref name="UN">{{cite book |last=Gupta|first=Mohan L.|title="An Analysis of the Hot Spring Activity of the Mankkaran Area" in Proceedings: Second United Nations Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, Volume 1 |date=May 1975 |publisher=United Nations |pages=742–744 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8rc93g86sYC |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

The water temperature has been measured at four of the non-boiling springs at a range of {{convert|186|C}} to {{convert|202|C}} degrees; the average temperature is {{convert|195|C}} degrees.<ref name="UN" />

[[Extremophile]] species of microorganisms are present in the hot spring water.<ref name="EE" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
Chandrasekharam, D., M. A. Alam, and A. Minissale ''[https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/0881.pdf Thermal Discharges at Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh, India]'', Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey.

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[[Category:Hot springs of India]]
[[Category:Geothermal areas]]
[[Category:Balneotherapy]]
[[Category:Thermal treatment]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sacred springs]]

Manikaran hot springs - Revision history

Nasimahamad.vitaniya at 08:47, 1 December 2024