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'''Manipravalam''' ([[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]: ''Maṇipravāḷam'', മണിപ്രവാളം, [[Grantha script|Grantha]]: 𑌮𑌣𑌿𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌵𑌾𑌳𑌂) is a [[macaronic language]] found in some manuscripts of [[South India]]. It is a hybrid language, typically written in the [[Grantha script]], which combines [[Sanskrit]] lexicon and [[Tamil language]] morpho-syntax.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Giovanni Ciotti|author2=Hang Lin|title=Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ezCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2016|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-047901-0|pages=62–63}}</ref><ref name="New York, Springer">{{cite book|last1= Blackburn |first1=Stuart|title=Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India|year=2006|pages=29|publisher=New York, Springer|quote=After about AD 1500, translations from Sanskrit did appear, and unassimilated words began to flood literary Malayalam; eventually a hybrid idiom (''manipravalam'') mixing Sanskrit and Tamil words, and Sanskrit words with Tamil inflections, was devised}}</ref><ref name="India, 1965 pp. 35-37">The Illustrated weekly of India, (1965). Volume 86. Bennett, Coleman & Co., Ltd. pp. 35-37</ref> According to language scholars Giovanni Ciotti and Marco Franceschini, the blending of Tamil and Sanskrit is evidenced in manuscripts and their colophons over a long period of time, and this ultimately may have contributed to the emergence of Manipravalam.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Giovanni Ciotti|author2=Hang Lin|title=Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ezCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2016|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-047901-0|pages=62–68}}</ref> However the 14th century [[Sanskrit]] work ''Lilatilakam'' states that Manipravalam is a combination of Tamil and Sanskrit.<ref name="ahshbwdiuahqwdu">{{Cite book|last=T. K. Krishna Menon|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/primerofmalayala00tkkr |page=9}}</ref> Generally it is agreed that it was a combination of [[Tamil language|Tamil ]] with [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="ahshbwdiuahqwdu"/>

''Mani-pravalam'' literally means 'diamond-coral',<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=maNi&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> and it likely played a role in the growth of the [[Malayalam literature]] and [[Malayalam script]]. The Kerala scholars distinguished Manipravalam from ''Pattu'', the former being significantly influenced by Sanskrit and the latter predominantly [[Malayalam|''Kerala Bhasha'']].<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Arvind Raghunathan|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref> Manipravalam has been used for poetry manuscripts that combine Tamil and Sanskrit, as well as South Indian works on eroticism. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Tamil and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003"/><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref>

==Effect on the history of the Malayalam script==
It is suggested that the advent of the Manipravalam style, where letters of the [[Grantha script]] coexisted with the traditional [[Vatteluttu]] letters, made it easier for people in Kerala to accept a Grantha-based script ''Ārya eḻuttŭ'', and paved the way for the introduction of the new writing system.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Alphabets|publisher=Government of Kerala|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20&%20literature/alphabets.htm|access-date=2009-10-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109222758/http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20%26%20literature/alphabets.htm|archive-date=2009-11-09}}</ref> Eventually ''Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ'' was almost completely supplanted by the modern [[Malayalam script]].

==See also==
*[[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Further reading ===
*''Malayalam - From God's Own Country'', Bhasha Ind

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Malayalam script]]
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Formal languages used for Indian scriptures]]

Manipravalam - Revision history

106.216.129.22 at 13:45, 29 September 2021