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{{short description|Indian painter of the Bengal School of Art (1909-1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Manishi Dey
| image = Manishi_Dey,_Bombay,_1952.jpg
| caption = Manishi Dey, Bombay, 1952
| birth_name = Bijoy Chandra Dey
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|9|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[British India]]
| known_for = Painting, Drawing
| death_date = {{death date|1966|1|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
}}

'''Manishi Dey''' (22 September 1909 – 31 January 1966) was an Indian painter of the [[Bengal School of Art]]. Manishi Dey was the younger brother of [[Mukul Dey]], a pioneering Indian artist and dry point etcher.<ref name="Mukul Dey Archives">Satyasri Ukil: "Mukul Dey: Pioneering Indian Graphic Artist." Mukul Dey Archives, updated 16 March 2013. [http://www.chitralekha.org]</ref> Their two sisters, Annapura and [[Rani Chanda|Rani]], were accomplished in arts and crafts as well.<ref name="Manishi Dey: The Elusive Bohemian">Satyasri Ukil: "Manishi Dey: The Elusive Bohemian." art etc. news & views, February 2012 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225213239/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=manishi-dey-the-elusive-bohemian&iid=30&articleid=844]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

He was born in [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. Originally named Bijoy Chandra, Manishi was the fifth child, and third son, of Purnashashi Devi and Kula Chandra Dey. In 1917, at the age of eight years, Manishi Dey's father died and he was sent to the Santiniketan school [[Patha Bhavana]], which was founded by the Nobel Prize-winning poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He seemed to dislike the preparatory conventions of Santiniketan and became mutinous. His education changed favourably when he came in contact with [[Abanindranath Tagore]]’s Bengal School of Art, the nephew of Rabindranath Tagore. He became one of the most versatile students of Abanindranath, whose other close students also included [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Asit Kumar Haldar]], [[Sarada Ukil]], [[Mukul Dey]], [[K. Venkatappa]] and [[Jamini Roy]]. These were the leading artists that spread the form and spirit of the neo-Bengal school throughout India.

The political and religious developments in the Indian subcontinent were a major influence during the life of Manishi Dey. Just shortly before his birth, Bengal was partitioned into an Eastern and Western part, known as the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]]. The area was divided a second time in 1947, known as the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]]. It was only after the death of Manishi Dey that Bengal became an independent country in 1971 after the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. These political changes during the colonization and decolonization of India were a major influence on the education of Dey. Abanindranath Tagore promoted traditional Indian culture in his teachings, which built the foundation for the artistic works of Manishi Dey throughout his life.

== 1928–1947: Monochrome Period ==

One of the major sources of Manishi Dey's inspirations were his travels as he traversed tirelessly throughout the Indian subcontinent in search of varied and newer visual idioms. His voyages helped him becoming a finished artist in 'Indian Painting' and the water colour 'Wash' technique, an art style he used masterfully in his works.

In 1928, Manishi Dey's brother Mukul decided to settle in Santiniketan and to become the first Indian principal of Government School of Arts in Calcutta, a position he held until 1943.<ref name="Mukul Dey Archives"/> Almost in stark contrast to his steady brother Mukul, the year 1928 marked the start of series of exhibitions all over India. At just 19 years of age, Manishi Dey held his first solo show 1928 in Calcutta where his brother was establishing himself. Many exhibitions followed, including in Nagpur (1928), Madras (1929), Bangalore (1930), Ceylon (1930), Bombay (1932), Shrinagar (1932), Arah (1934), Benares (1934), Nainital (1936), Bombay (1937), Pune (1939), Kolhapur (1940), Baroda (1942), Gwalior (1944), Delhi (1947).<ref name="Manishi Dey: The Elusive Bohemian"/> In 1946, his works were exhibited by the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] (AIFACS) in New Delhi, jointly with other leading Indian artists such as [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] and [[Sailoz Mookherjea]].<ref name="International Contemporary Art Exhibition">International Contemporary Art Exhibition. The Council Of The All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society, New Delhi (1946)</ref>

Manishi Dey interacted closely with artists like [[M. F. Husain]], [[F.N. Souza]], [[S.H. Raza]], Sailoz Mookherjea and Shantanu Ukil in New Delhi during the late-1940s and early-1950s. He later became a member of the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]] (PAG), which was founded in 1947. PAG was one of the most influential forces on modern Indian painting, even though it was disbanded within a decade in 1956. The association with the group helped Dey to embrace cubist art and a variety of other media.<ref name="Asian Painting History">Roger Baschet. "La peinture asiatique - Son histoire et ses merveilles." Paris, Editions S.N.E.P. (1954)</ref> Dey became thus one of the major contributors and transformers of [[Modern Indian painting]].<ref name="Indian Modernism">Holland Cotter. "Art Review: Indian Modernism via an Eclectic and Elusive Artist". New York Times (19 August 2008)</ref>

His broad interests can also be seen in a collaboration with [[Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa]], the Sri Lankan theosophist and philosopher. In 1930, Manishi Dey illustrated the title of a booklet with lecture notes by Jinarajadasa.<ref name="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa: Lecture Notes">Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa. "Lecture Notes with cover design by Manishi Dey." Adyar: Madras, Theosophical Publishing House; 1st Edition, 1930 [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Lecture-notes-cover-design-Manishi/dp/B00B0K7KP2]</ref>

== 1948–1966: Red and Orange Period ==

At the end of World War II, buoyed by the newly established [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], Manishi Dey's works changed radically and got a new freshness and vitality that lacked in his early years. A main influence was the Bombay Progressive Artists Group, which enabled him to exchange with numerous leading artists of his time. In 1949 he painted a series of twenty-two moving images of non-Muslim refugees from Pakistan that captured the agony and pain of their flight. During the following years, he continued exhibitions, including in Bombay (1950), Allahabad (1953), Bangalore (1957), Ootacamund (1959), Madras (1960) and Trivandrum (1961).<ref name="Manishi Dey: The Elusive Bohemian"/> Through his wide prominence, he became one of the leading artists to promote traditional Indian Cultural Heritage.

In an article in 1953, he encouraged young artists to follow their traditional cultural roots.<ref name="Have Faith in India's Cultural Heritage. Interview with Manishi Dey, Allahabad News, September 4, 1953">Manishi Dey. "Have Faith in India's Cultural Heritage." Allahabad News, 4 September 1953</ref> His paintings were well received and highly regarded by fellow artists and critics in the decade prior to his untimely death. The Bangalore writer and scholar [[Venkataramiah Sitaramiah]] praised his works highly and termed the phase his "red and orange" period.<ref name="Venkataramiah Sitaramiah. New Work by Manishi Dey. The Illustrated Weekly of India, 8 July 1962">Venkataramiah Sitaramiah. "New Work by Manishi Dey." The Illustrated Weekly of India, 8 July 1962.</ref> Two prominent paintings by Manishi Dey from this period are "Daughter of the Soil" from 1956 and "Bengal Women".

One of the foremost proponents of the artists of the Progressive Art Movement was [[Richard Bartholomew]], a writer, art critic, poet, painter, photographer, who was also a one-time secretary of the Lalit Kala Academy. Bartholomew published critical writings for more than three decades about Indian art, and he was deeply integrated in the art movement at the time of India's transition into independence. Bartholomew's writings helped artists such as FN Souza, [[SH Raza]], MF Husain and Manishi Dey to break free from the Bengal School of Art and establish a new Indian avant-garde.<ref name="Critic's Choice: The Art Critic Richard Bartholomew">Pankaj Mullick. "Critic's Choice: The Art Critic Richard Bartholomew." ''Hindustan Times'', Delhi, 23 September 2012. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/critics-choice/story-EDIvWkFzezZYpgFQv9v3DO.html]</ref> The books "A Critic's Eye" and "The Art Critic" publish a selection of his writings and photographs from the 1950s up to the 80s, giving an insider's account of the untold story of Modern Indian Art.<ref name="Richard Bartholomew: The Art Critic">Richard Bartholomew: "The Art Critic." BART, Noida - India, 640 pages with 250 illustrations, 2012 [http://www.richardbartholomew.info/artbook/book_order.php]</ref>

Leading figures of the PAG went into exile abroad during the 1950s, often pushed out by Hindu extremism. Manishi Dey meanwhile remained in India, especially Bombay and Delhi, until his death in 1966.

== Legacy ==

He died in [[Kolkata]] at the height of his career at 56 years of age. The works of Manishi Dey have been exhibited for many years in various Indian Museums and Galleries, such as the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] NGMA in Mumbai, the State [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in Luknow, Uttar Pradesh, the Delhi Art Gallery, the [[Allahabad Museum]], the [[Salarjung Museum]], Hyderabad, [[Kala Bhavan]] in [[Santiniketan]] and in the [[Samdani Art Foundation]] in Dhaka, one of the largest collections of Bangladeshi and Indian art worldwide.

His works receive a renewed international interest since the end of the 20th Century and were exhibited in London and New York.<ref name="Rare Paintings of the Bengal Renaissance">Jaya Appasamy, Dr. Marcella Sirhandi and Andrew Robinson. "The Early Masters Rare Paintings of the Bengal Renaissance." Bose Pacia Modern, New York (1999) [http://www.bosepacia.com/catalogues/the-early-masters-rare-paintings-of-the-bengal-renaissance/]</ref>

Since the early 21st Century, Manishi Dey's works are also included at major international auction houses, such as Bonhams and Christie's, as well as at numerous high-profile Indian auction houses.

In 2015, an auction of Christie's in New York promoted the Progressive Artists Group as the "most influential group of Indian art ever created".<ref name="Souza’s Headlines New York September">Archana Khare-Ghose: "Souza’s "Birth" Headlines Christie’s New York September Sale." Blouinartinfo, 15 August 2015. [http://uk.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1218519/souzas-birth-headlines-christies-new-york-september-sale#]</ref> The result was sales totalling more than US$8M, above the high estimate. This showed the strong interest in Modern Indian Art. With a hammer price of more than US$4M, the painting "Birth" by F.N. Souza realised the highest price ever for a work by an Indian artist.<ref name="Christie's Auction Southeast Asian Modern Art, 17.Sep.2015, New Yor">[http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/francis-newton-souza-birth-5927309-details.aspx?from=salesummary&intObjectID=5927309&sid=ed36472b-3d3b-466a-a32a-2b001cdbcb85 Christie's, New York, 17 Septempber 2015]</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/manishi-dey-4587940-details.aspx?intObjectID=4587940 Christie's Auction 14-Oct-2005]
* [http://ngmaindia.gov.in/collections-artist.asp?strLetter=D National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, India]
* [http://www.aifacs.org.in/main.php?p=history All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society, New Delhi]
* [http://dagmodern.com Delhi Art Gallery]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Manishi}}
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali male artists]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Manishi Dey - Revision history

UpdateBot at 03:32, 20 May 2022