Sunil Tani at 10:17, 5 May 2026

2026-05-05T10:17:10Z

New page

{{Short description|First armed resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at Meerut}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Meerut mutiny
| image = Death of Colonel Finnis in Meerat, 1857.jpg
| caption = ''Death of Colonel Finnis in Meerut'' (published in 1858)
| partof = the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
| date = 10 and 11 May 1857
| place = [[Meerut]], [[Company rule in India|India]]
| result = Mutineers victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[British Empire]]<br>[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = Rebel [[East India Company|Company]] sepoys
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} W. H. Hewitt
| commander2 = ?
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaign box India 1857}}
The '''Meerut mutiny''' was a military [[mutiny]] on 10 and 11 May 1857 in the city of [[Meerut]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British-controlled India]], the first significant armed action against [[British Army|British military authority]] which accelerated an outbreak of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857 and 1858]]. Most of the Indian native soldiers of whole city garrison, outraged by a severe punishment of their 85 other comrades, raised their weapons against the local British forces and eventually civilians in the city. The event sparked an intense impulse to the other Indian soldiers in British ranks and following rebellion spread to various regions of British-ruled India.

==Prelude==
In 1857 tensions between the [[Sepoy|sepoys]], native Indian soldiers, and British colonial authority started to rise. Long-standing issues because of accepting men of different castes, service changes of 1856 [[General Service Enlistment Act]], allowing to send sepoys out of the continent for their service, both of that contributed to unrest among sepoy troops. As a serious problem also appeared to be putting the new [[Royal Small Arms Factory|Enfield]] [[Pattern 1853 Enfield|Pattern 1853]] [[rifled musket]] in service in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luscombe |first=Stephen |title=Indian Mutiny |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=Britishempire.co.uk |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104143818/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Used [[paper cartridge]]s serving as ammunition were imported pre-greased. While [[Muslims|Muslim]] soldiers believed the paper was greased with pig fat and [[Hindus]] thought it was greased with cow one, opening the cartridge during rifle loading by tear-off the top with their teeth would mean to break their religion rules, as Muslims are not allowed to consume pork just as Hindus cannot consume beef. Some sepoys saw it as a direct attempt to dispute Muslim and Hindi traditions.

Due to those circumstances in British colonial forces, on 29 March 1857 sepoy [[Mangal Pandey]] of [[Barrackpore]] garrison, Bengal, shot at two of his commanding officers, missed, then [[suicide attempt|attempted suicide]], failed and was later executed. By April, news about Pandey's deed had spread across North India and reached Meerut, which was then the second-largest [[East India Company]] garrison, counting 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers stationed there along with 12 British-manned guns. Several hundreds of British civilians were also present living in a separate [[cantonment]], mostly relatives of European-British soldiers.

==Mutiny==
On 24 April 1857, Meerut's commander, Colonel Carmichael Smyth, paraded 90 Indian sepoys of the 3rd Light [[Bengal Cavalry]] Regiment, most of whom of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] descent. Smyth ordered the soldiers to fire the new Enfield cartridges they had been supplied with. 85 soldiers (of total number of 90) refused to touch them when ordered to, which led to their direct imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/folk-theorem/hashimpura-and-the-echoes-of-1857-meerut-is-common-to-both/|title=Hashimpura and the echoes of 1857: Meerut is common to both|work=[[The Times of India]] Blogs|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726014434/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/folk-theorem/hashimpura-and-the-echoes-of-1857-meerut-is-common-to-both/|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=live|date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

On 9 May the entire garrison of about 4,000 men, both British and Indian,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gough |first1=Hugh |title=Old Memories |journal=The Pall Mall Magazine |date=1896 |volume=10 |url=https://www.google.cz/books/edition/The_Pall_Mall_Magazine/4sohAQAAIAAJ?hl=cs&gbpv=1 |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> was summoned to the general exercise ground at Meerut Fort to witness the execution of the guilty. The condemned sepoys were lined up on one side of the square; dressed in their red and white uniforms, but barefoot and without weapons. The other Indian regiments carried unloaded rifles. The British regiments were armed with the new Enfield rifles, loaded with the controversial cartridges, and were ordered to point with those weapons on the mutineers, same as the dragoons with sabres. A British officer then stepped forward and read out the sentence against the condemned soldiers, while his words, translated into [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] by an Indian officer: most of them were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment with hard labour, eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years' imprisonment. After the sentence had been read out, a group of British soldiers walked in front of the line of condemned soldiers and tore the buttons from their uniforms and the coats from their backs and their feet were then chained. The condemned soldiers then raised their arms in appeal to the general. When they were ignored, they turned to the other Indian soldiers and reproached them for not intervening when they saw them being humiliated. The atmosphere was described as very tense. The condemned soldiers were then escorted away.

In the evening some of the Indian soldiers present on the parade during the day were taunted by local [[prostitutes]] who refused them their services, which reportedly became another provoking factor for Indians to take revenge on the Europeans. In the city posters were seen calling for rebellion against the British. That same evening, British officer Hugh Gough was warned that sepoys in Meerut were planning the mutiny and massacre the British soldiers and their families. Although Gough immediately reported this matter to his commander George Carmichael-Smyth, no provisions were done.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wigram |first1=Francis Spencer |title=Mutiny at Meerut, 1857-58. Extracts from letters |date=1858 |location=Southampton |url=https://www.google.cz/books/edition/Mutiny_at_Meerut_1857_58_Extracts_from_l/QXUIAAAAQAAJ?gbpv=1 |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref>

==11 May==
[[File:The Sepoy revolt at Meerut.jpg|thumb|"The Sepoy revolt at Meerut", wood-engraving from the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', 1857]]
[[File:1857 mutineers mosque meerut2.jpg|thumb|An 1858 photograph by [[Robert Christopher Tytler]] and [[Harriet Tytler]] of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed]]
On Sunday 10 May city of Meerut was already met with unrest, with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire. In the evening, most British officers were preparing to attend church, while many of the British soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut.<ref name=Sehgal2022>{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=Vineeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title=1857 Augarnath Temple Meerut Beginning of India's Freedom Fight |date=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=38–40 |language=en}}</ref> Also a rumour spread, that British troops were about to disarm more sepoy troops. At this moment, the mutinied Indian troops, led by the 3rd Cavalry, broke into open revolt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Charles |title=The history of the Indian mutiny, Volume I |date=1858 |publisher=London Publishing and Printing Company, Ltd. |location=London |pages=52-57 |url=https://www.google.cz/books/edition/The_History_of_the_Indian_Mutiny_Giving/jHYIAAAAQAAJ?hl=cs&gbpv=1&dq=Meerut+3th+Cavalry&pg=PA60&printsec=frontcover |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> British junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels. Other numerous officers' and civilians' quarters were attacked, and four civilian men, eight women and eight children were killed. Among the killed officers was Colonel John Finnis, who died on the Meerut parade ground as the first European military victim of the whole conflict.

Crowds in the bazaar attacked off-duty soldiers there. About 50 Indian civilians, some of them officers' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers, were also killed by the sepoys.<ref name="David 2003 93">{{Harvnb|David|2003|p=93}}</ref> While the action of the sepoys in freeing their 85 imprisoned comrades appears to have been spontaneous, some civilian rioting in the city was reportedly encouraged by [[Kotwal]] (chief police officer) [[Dhan Singh Gurjar]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hibbert|1980|pp=80–85}}</ref> Sepoys from the 11th and the 20th Native Infantry Regiments then stormed the general jail and freed their fellow prisoners, who supported them.

==Massacre of civilians==
On the evening of May 10 mob attacked the British residential area and staged a massacre of British civilians in their residential quarter, Civil Lines. The British were taken by surprise and sought refuge in the British barracks until the mutineers had left the city on 11 May.

Two of the civilian victims were to become particularly notable: Charlotte Chambers and Mrs Dawson. Twenty-three-year-old Charlotte Chambers, who was pregnant, had her fetus cut out of her womb<ref>{{cite book | last = von Tunzelmann | first = Alex | title = Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire | publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]] | year = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 19 | isbn = 978-0-8050-8073-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://www.google.cz/books/edition/Indian_Summer/TDQBgKl80l4C?gbpv=1 }}</ref> with a butcher's knife by the butcher Mowla Baksh of Saddar Bazaar. The murder was witnessed by her neighbour Mrs Craigie, who saw Chambers standing alone on the verandah while her house was set on fire. Craigie tried to send her servants to fetch Chambers, but they were unable to reach her until it was too late, and they found her naked, with the fetus cut out of her body and placed on her chest. It later emerged that Charlotte Chambers had previously bought meat from Mowla Baksh but had complained about its quality and said she would tell other British women about it, which threatened his business (he was later arrested and executed). Mrs Dawson and her husband were sick with smallpox, and went out onto the verandah when the mob arrived, where the husband was shot. Because Mrs. Dawson had smallpox, no one wanted to go near her because of the risk of infection, but the mob instead threw burning torches at her until she caught fire and was burned to death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spilsbury |first=Julian |year=2007 |title=The Indian Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny00juli/page/n166/mode/1up |url-access=registration |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84651-2}}</ref>

41 British civilians were killed in the massacre: 25 men, eight women and eight children. Some of them had clearly been subjected to particularly cruel treatment, and several were found naked. One British soldier had his stomach cut open and his entrails exposed, and a nine-year-old girl had her cheeks cut out and her arms cut off. At least two British women were reported to have been raped, but as rape at that time was considered dishonourable to the victim, their names were kept secret. It is not known whether Charlotte Chambers was one of them, but her body was reportedly found naked. Anglo-Indians, Christian Indians, Indians employed by the British were also targets of the attack.

==Aftermath==
[[File:Kali Paltan Mandir memorial, Meerut.jpg|thumb|Mutiny memorial at Kali Paltan Mandir temple, Meerut]]
The sudden mutiny and massacre caught many senior British officers, many of whom were older men who had not been in active combat for many years, by surprise. The British garrison was not attacked, but officers fortified inside weren't able to react adequately and then did little more than guard the civilians while they waited for reinforcements. Troops telegraphed to [[Shimla]], [[Ambala]] and [[Agra]], but did not reach Delhi to warn the British garrison there. Major-General W. H. Hewitt was later relieved of his command of the Meerut garrison for his poor handling of the situation.

The next day, 11 May, the rebel troops left Meerut and headed for Delhi, about 40 km east, to hail [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] as the monarch of a united India and to place him at the head of a rebellion against the British. Their arrival triggered the mutiny there, from where the rebellion was spread throughout British North India.

The murders of British civilians in Meerut, particularly the murder of Charlotte Chambers were used as a battle cry by British soldiers (''Remember Mrs Chambers!'')during the rebellion until it was surpassed in notoriety by the [[Bibighar Massacre]] during the [[siege of Cawnpore]].

==See also==
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Mangal Pandey]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Michael Edwardes, ''Battles of the Indian Mutiny'', Pan, 1963, {{ISBN|0-330-02524-4}}
* Christopher Hibbert, ''The Great Mutiny'', Penguin, 1978, {{ISBN|0-14-004752-2}}
* {{cite book| last=Edwardes| first=Michael| year=1975| title=Red Year| location=London| publisher=Sphere Books}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Meerut Mutiny}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meerut}}
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1857]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1857]]

Meerut mutiny - Revision history

Sunil Tani at 10:17, 5 May 2026