Template:Cleanup lang
Template:Indic glyph
Ja is the eighth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ja is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter 
after having gone through the Gupta letter 
.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ज are:[1]
- ज Template:IPA-hi = 8 (८)
- जि Template:IPA-hi = 800 (८००)
- जु Template:IPA-hi = 80,000 (८० ०००)
- जृ Template:IPA-hi = 8,000,000 (८० ०० ०००)
- जॢ Template:IPA-hi = 8Template:E (८०८)
- जे Template:IPA-hi = 8Template:E (८०१०)
- जै Template:IPA-hi = 8Template:E (८०१२)
- जो Template:IPA-hi = 8Template:E (८०१४)
- जौ Template:IPA-hi = 8Template:E (८०१६)
Historic Ja
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ja as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ja 
did not have an alterante Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ja, in Kharoshthi (._%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%85%D1%96._Kharoshthi_letter_JA.svg){kind=small}
) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ja
The Brahmi letter , Ja, is probably derived from the Aramaic Zayin 
, and is thus related to the modern Latin Z and Greek Zeta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ja can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
| Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
 |
File:Gupta ashoka j.svg | File:Gupta gujarat j.svg | Error creating thumbnail: |
Tocharian Ja
The Tocharian letter Error creating thumbnail: is derived from the Brahmi Error creating thumbnail: , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
| Ja | Jā | Ji | Jī | Ju | Jū | Jr | Jr̄ | Je | Jai | Jo | Jau | Jä |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: | File:Tocharian letter jaa.gif | File:Tocharian letter ji.gif | File:Tocharian letter jii.gif | File:Tocharian letter ju.gif | File:Tocharian letter je.gif | File:Tocharian letter jai.gif | File:Tocharian letter jo.gif | File:Tocharian letter jau.gif | File:Tocharian letter jä.gif |
Kharoṣṭhī Ja
The Kharoṣṭhī letter Error creating thumbnail: is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Zayin Error creating thumbnail: , and is thus related to Z and Zeta, in addition to the Brahmi Ja.
Devanagari script
Template:Main Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Ja (ज) is the eighth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: , after having gone through the Gupta letter Error creating thumbnail: . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter જ and Modi letter 𑘕.
Devanagari Jja
Jja (ॼ) is the character ज with an underbar to represent the voiced palatal implosive Template:IPAblink that occurs in Sindhi. This underbar is distinct from the Devanagari stress sign anudātta. The underbar is fused to the stem of the letter while the anudātta is a stress accent applied to the entire syllable. This underbar used for Sindhi implosives does not exist as a separate character in Unicode. When the ु or ू vowel sign is applied to jja (ॼ), the ु and ू vowel signs are drawn beneath jja. When the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is applied to ja with an anudātta (ज॒), the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is first placed under ja (ज) and then the anudātta is placed underneath the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign.[3]
| Character Name | उ ( ु) vowel sign | ऊ ( ू) vowel sign |
|---|---|---|
| ॼ (Implosive ja) | ॼु | ॼू |
| ज॒ (Ja with anudātta) | जु॒ | जू॒ |
An example of a Sindhi word that uses jja (ॼ) is ॼाण (ڄاڻَ), which is of the feminine grammatical gender and means information or knowledge.[4]
Devanagari Za
Za (ज़) is the character ज with a single dot underneath. It is used in Devanagari transcriptions of Urdu, English, and other languages to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant Template:IPAblink. Za (ज़) should not be confused with ža (झ़), which is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta, and is used to transcribe the voiced post-alveolar fricative Template:IPAblink from Urdu (ژ) and English. Za (ज़) should also not be confused zha (ॹ), which is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced post-alveolar fricative Template:IPAblink.
Devanagari Zha
Zha (ॹ) is the character ज with three dots underneath. It is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced palatal fricative Template:IPAblink. An example of its usage is in Kavasji Edulji Kanga's Avesta, yazna 41.3 to write ईॹीम्.[5] Zha (ॹ) should not be confused with za (ज़), which is used to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant Template:IPAblink from Urdu, English, and other languages. Zha (ॹ) should also not be confused with ža (झ़), which is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta, and is used to transcribe the voiced post-alveolar fricative Template:IPAblink from Urdu (ژ) and English.
Devanagari-using Languages
In many languages, ज is pronounced as Template:IPA-hi or Template:IPAblink when appropriate. In Marathi, ज is sometimes pronounced as Template:IPA-mr or Template:IPAblink in addition to Template:IPA-hi or Template:IPAblink. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ja | Jā | Ji | Jī | Ju | Jū | Jr | Jr̄ | Jl | Jl̄ | Je | Jai | Jo | Jau | J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ज | जा | जि | जी | जु | जू | जृ | जॄ | जॢ | जॣ | जे | जै | जो | जौ | ज् |
Conjuncts with ज
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[6]
Ligature conjuncts of ज
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha. The conjunct jja also has a unique half form that differs from the regular conjunct.
- Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja: Template:Ref
File:Devanagari Conjunct RJa.svg
- Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RJa.svg
- ज্ (j) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature jra:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JRa.svg
- ज্ (j) + न (na) gives the ligature jna:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JNa.svg
- ज্ (j) + ज (ja) gives the ligature jja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JJa.svg
- ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + व (va) gives the ligature jjva:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JJVa.svg
- ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + य (ya) gives the ligature jjya:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JJYa.svg
Devanagari Jña
One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct jña ज्ञ. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.
- ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JNya.svg
- Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct RJNya.svg
- Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RJNya.svg
- भ্ (bh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bhjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct BhJNya.svg
- ब্ (b) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct BJNya.svg
- छ্ (ch) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature chjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct ChJNya.svg
- च্ (c) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct CJNya.svg
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍʱjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhJNya.svg
- ड্ (ḍ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DdJNya.svg
- द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DJNya.svg
- घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ɡʱjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct GhJNya.svg
- ग্ (g) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature gjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct GJNya.svg
- ह্ (h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct HJNya.svg
- ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JJNya.svg
- झ্ (jh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jhjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JhJNya.svg
- ख্ (kh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature khjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct KhJNya.svg
- क্ (k) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct KJNya.svg
- ल্ (l) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ljña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct LJNya.svg
- म্ (m) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct MJNya.svg
- न্ (n) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature njña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct NJNya.svg
- ञ্ (ñ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ñjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct NyJNya.svg
- ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJNya.svg
- फ্ (ph) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature phjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct PhJNya.svg
- प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct PJNya.svg
- श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct ShJNya.svg
- स্ (s) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature sjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct SJNya.svg
- ष্ (ṣ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct SsJNya.svg
- थ্ (th) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature thjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct ThJNya.svg
- त্ (t) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature tjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct TJNya.svg
- ठ্ (ṭh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭhjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct TthJNya.svg
- ट্ (ṭ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct TtJNya.svg
- व্ (v) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature vjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct VJNya.svg
- य্ (y) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature yjña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct YJNya.svg
Stacked conjuncts of ज
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
- भ্ (bh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bhja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct BhJa.svg
- ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct BJa.svg
- छ্ (ch) + ज (ja) gives the ligature chja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct ChJa.svg
- च্ (c) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct CJa.svg
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍʱja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhJa.svg
- ड্ (ḍ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DdJa.svg
- ध্ (dʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dʱja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DhJa.svg
- द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct DJa.svg
- घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ɡʱja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct GhJa.svg
- ग্ (g) + ज (ja) gives the ligature gja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct GJa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature hja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct HJa.svg
- ज্ (j) + च (ca) gives the ligature jca:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JCa.svg
- ज্ (j) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jḍa:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JDda.svg
- झ্ (jh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature jhja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JhJa.svg
- ज্ (j) + ल (la) gives the ligature jla:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JLa.svg
- ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JNga.svg
- ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jña:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JNya.svg
- ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:
File:Devanagari Conjunct JSha.svg
- ख্ (kh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature khja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct KhJa.svg
- क্ (k) + ज (ja) gives the ligature kja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct KJa.svg
- ल্ (l) + ज (ja) gives the ligature lja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct LJa.svg
- ळ্ (ḷ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḷja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct LlJa.svg
- म্ (m) + ज (ja) gives the ligature mja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct MJa.svg
- ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJa.svg
- न্ (n) + ज (ja) gives the ligature nja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct NJa.svg
- ञ্ (ñ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ñja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct NyJa.svg
- फ্ (ph) + ज (ja) gives the ligature phja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct PhJa.svg
- प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct PJa.svg
- श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct ShJa.svg
- स্ (s) + ज (ja) gives the ligature sja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct SJa.svg
- ष্ (ṣ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṣja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct SsJa.svg
- त্ (t) + ज (ja) gives the ligature tja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct TJa.svg
- ठ্ (ṭh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭhja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct TthJa.svg
- ट্ (ṭ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct TtJa.svg
- व্ (v) + ज (ja) gives the ligature vja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct VJa.svg
- य্ (y) + ज (ja) gives the ligature yja:
File:Devanagari Conjunct YJa.svg
Bengali script
The Bengali script জ is derived from the Siddhaṃ File:Siddham j.svg, and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ज. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter জ will sometimes be transliterated as "jo" instead of "ja". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d͡ʒo/.
Like all Indic consonants, জ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
| ja | jā | ji | jī | ju | jū | jr | jr̄ | je | jai | jo | jau | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| জ | জা | জি | জী | জু | জূ | জৃ | জৄ | জে | জৈ | জো | জৌ | জ্ |
জ in Bengali-using languages
জ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with জ
Bengali জ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[7]
- ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:
- জ্ (j) + জ (ja) gives the ligature jja:
- জ্ (j) + ঝ (jha) gives the ligature jjha:
File:Bengali Conjunct Jjha.svg
- জ্ (j) + জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jjva, with the va phala suffix:
File:Bengali Conjunct Jjva.svg
- জ্ (j) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:
File:Bengali Conjunct Jnya.svg
- জ্ (j) + র (ra) gives the ligature jra, with the ra phala suffix:
- জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jva, with the va phala suffix:
- জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature jya, with the ya phala suffix:
- ঞ (ñ) + জ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:
File:Bengali Conjunct NYja.svg
- র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja, with the repha prefix:
- র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
File:Bengali Conjunct Rjya.svg
Gujarati Ja
Ja (જ) is the eighth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is possibly derived from a variant of 16th century Devanagari Ja Ja with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: . When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ja may assume unique forms, such as જા, જી, and જો.
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, જ is pronounced as Template:IPA-gu or Template:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ja | Jā | Ji | Jī | Ju | Jū | Jr | Jl | Jr̄ | Jl̄ | Jĕ | Je | Jai | Jŏ | Jo | Jau | J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Gujarati Ja Matras.svg | ||||||||||||||||
| Gujarati Ja syllables, with vowel marks in red. | ||||||||||||||||
Related letters
Za (જ઼) is the character Ja (જ) with a single dot underneath. It corresponds to the Devanagari character Za (ज़). It is also used in Gujarati transcriptions of Avestan (𐬰),[8][9][10] Urdu (ژ), English, and other languages to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant Template:IPAblink.
Zha (ૹ) is the character Ja (જ) with three dots underneath. It is used in Gujarati transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced palatal fricative Template:IPAblink and is analogous to the Devanagari character zha (ॹ).[8][9] Zha (ૹ) was added to the Unicode Standard as a single character ljust like the Devanagari character zha (ॹ) with Unicode 8.0 on 17 June 2015.[10][11] An example of a word in the Gujarati script the uses zha (ૹ) is ચીૹ્દી.[12]
Conjuncts with જ
Gujarati જ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ja does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, X will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa:
File:Gujarati conjunct RJa.svg
- જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa:
File:Gujarati conjunct JRa.svg
- જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature JÑa:
File:Gujarati conjunct JNya.svg
- ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa:
File:Gujarati conjunct RJNya.svg
- જ (ja) + ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa:
File:Gujarati conjunct JNyRa.svg
Gurmukhi script
Jajjaa Template:IPA-pa (ਜ) is the thirteenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ] and is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ja, and ultimately from the Brahmi ja. Gurmukhi jajaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /d͡ʒ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.
Jajje vicc bindi
A dot added below Jajja (ਜ਼) denotes that it has to be pronounced as the voiced alveolar fricative /z/.
Thai script
Cho chang (ช) and so so (ซ) are the tenth and eleventh letters of the Thai script. They fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.
Cho chang
In IPA, cho chang is pronounced as [tɕh] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. The previous letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho, however, it falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chang (ช้าง) means 'elephant'. Kho khai corresponds to the Sanskrit character 'ज'.
So so
In IPA, so so is pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. In the acrophony of the Thai script, so (โซ่) means 'chain'. Old Thai had the voiced retroflex affricate sound /dʐ/. When the Thai script was developed, cho ching was slightly modified to create distinct letter for /dʐ/, which is now known as so so. During the Old Thai period, this sound merged into the aspirated stop /tɕh/. This is similar to how ज is sometimes pronounced as Template:IPAblink in addition to Template:IPAblink in Marathi. However, Marathi uses the same letter for both sounds while Thai split the corresponding two sounds into the separate letters cho chang and so so. In modern Thai, the voicing of /dʐ/ became lost and thus is now pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable.
Javanese script
Telugu Ja
Template:Multiple image Ja (జ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಜ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, జ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ja
Ja (ജ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: , via the Grantha letter Ja Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ജ
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- ജ് (j) + ജ (ja) gives the ligature jja:
File:Malayalam conjunct JJa.svg
- ഞ് (ñ) + ജ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:
File:Malayalam conjunct NyJa.svg
- ജ് (j) + ഞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:
File:Malayalam conjunct JNya.svg
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ce
Template:Canadian Syllabics sidebar ᒉ, ᒋ, ᒍ and ᒐ are the base characters "Ce", "Ci", "Co" and "Ca" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒡ (C) is a small version of the A-series letter ᒐ, although the Western Cree letter ᐨ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for C. The character ᒉ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ज, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[13][14]
Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
| Variant | E-series | I-series | O-series | A-series | Other | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C + vowel | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | |||||||
| Ce | Ci | Co | Ca | ||||||||
| Small | - | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | ||||||
| - | Ojibway C | Sayisi Th | C | Cree C | |||||||
| C with long vowels | - | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | |||||
| - | Cī | Cō | Cree Cō | Cā | Cāi | ||||||
| C + W- vowels | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | |||
| Cwe | Cree Cwe | Cwi | Cree Cwi | Cwo | Cree Cwo | Cwa | Cree Cwa | ||||
| C + W- long vowels | - | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | Template:Huge | - | ||
| - | Cwī | Cree Cwī | Cwō | Cree Cwō | Cwā | Naskapi Cwā | Cree Cwā | - | |||
Odia Ja
Ja (ଜ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ja Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
| Ja | Jā | Ji | Jī | Ju | Jū | Jr̥ | Jr̥̄ | Jl̥ | Jl̥̄ | Je | Jai | Jo | Jau | J |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big | Template:Big |
Conjuncts of ଜ
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
- ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଜ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:
- ଜ୍ (j) + ଞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:
References
- ↑ The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer{{#if:Ifrah|, Ifrah}. John Wiley & Sons(2000). ISBN 0-471-39340-1
- ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ↑ Proposal to add four characters for Sindhi to the BMP of the UCS, Everson, Michael. Unicode.org(30 March 2005). Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Lekhwani, Kanhaiyalal. 1987 (1909). An intensive course in Sindhi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages; [New York]: Hippocrene Books. Template:Oclc
- ↑ Proposal to encode 55 characters for Vedic Sanskrit in the BMP of the UCS. Unicode.org(18 October 2007). Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ↑ Microsoft Word - kblhi2. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ↑ The Bengali Alphabet.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Proposal to encode Gujarati Letter ZHA, Rajan, Vinod. Unicode.org(16 July 2013). Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Proposal to encode Gujarati Sign Triple Nukta, Rajan, Vinodh(15 April 2013). Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Recommendations to UTC on Script Proposals, Rajan, Vinodh. Unicode.org(26 April 2013). Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ↑ What's new in Unicode 8.0 ?, West, Andrew. BabelStone. BabelStone(1 April 2015). Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ↑ Khordeh Avestâ{{#if:Kanga|, Kanga}. Nirnaya Sagar Press(1936)
- ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
- ↑ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
- Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, Template:ISBN
- Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, Template:ISBN.
- B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, Template:ISBN
- Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland({Template:Date).
- Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland({Template:Year).
- Template:Note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".