Malabar naval exercise

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Ships from the Royal Australian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Indian Navy and the United States Navy participate in Malabar 2020.

Template:Multiple image Exercise MalabarTemplate:Efn is a naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners.[1] The annual Malabar exercises includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through maritime interdiction operations, anti-submarine warfare, diving salvage operations, amphibious operations, counter-piracy operations, cross–deck helicopter landings and anti–air warfare operations.[2][3] Over the years, the exercise has been conducted in the Philippine Sea, off the coast of Japan, the Persian Gulf, in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It is taken care by the Asian and the North American Commands.[4]

The exercise started in 1992 along the Malabar Coast as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States. It was expanded in 2007 with the participation of Japan, Singapore and Australia. Japan became a permanent partner in 2015. Australia participated in the exercise again in 2020, marking the second time that the Quad will be jointly participating in a military exercise.[5][6] The aim of the exercise includes increasing interoperability between the naval forces.

The duration of the exercise has ranged from 1 to 11 sea-days.[7] The complexity and sophistication of the exercise has increased over the years.[8] Exercises have on-shore and at-sea stages.[9] The average participation by India increased from 8 ships to just over 9 from 2002 to 2014.[8]

Exercises have included aircraft carriers (USS Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, INS Template:INS, Template:INS), helicopter carriers (JS Template:JS, Template:JS, Template:JS, Template:JS), frigates, submarines (diesel-electric and nuclear), destroyers, guided-missile vessels, cruisers, amphibious ships and auxiliary ships such as tankers. Coast guard vessels have also taken part. Aircraft have included the P3C Orion,[10] Poseidon P8I,[11] Tupolev Tu-142,[12] Kawasaki P-1,[13] ShinMaywa US-2,[14] F/A 18 Super Hornets, Jaguars, Sea Harrier jets and Sea King helicopters.[6][15] Special forces have also taken part.[16]

1992–2002

The first Malabar exercise between India and the United States was held on 28/29 May 1992.[17][18] The exercises were located along the Malabar Coast in Cochin, headquarters of the Indian Southern Naval Command, and Goa.[18] It was of an elementary level, including four vessels, passing exercises and basic maneuvers.[3][18] Two more exercises were conducted before 1998, when the Americans suspended exercises after India tested nuclear weapons.[19]

Edition Year Participants Exercise Area VesselsTemplate:Efn Exercises Ref
1 1992 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast Template:Plainlist Frequency sharing, basic maneuvers, search and rescue.[18] [3]
2 1995 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Persian Gulf [3]
3 1996 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast [3]

2002–2007

A pair of Indian Air Force Jaguars flying in formation beside a pair of Indian Navy Sea Harriers and a pair of U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornets, flying over INS Viraat during Malabar 2007.
Ships assigned to the USS Nimitz Carrier Strike Group and the Indian aircraft carrier INS Viraat in formation as part of Malabar 2005.
Indian soldiers assigned to the 9th Battalion of the Sikh Infantry take notes during small arms training aboard USS Boxer during Malabar 2006.

The United States renewed military contact following the 2001 September 11 attacks when India joined President George W Bush's campaign against international terrorism.[20] The 2003 exercises featured sub-surface exercises for the first time.[3] In 2005 India and US signed the New Framework for the India - U.S. Defence Relationship.[21] Malabar 2005 saw the inclusion of aircraft carriers from both navies for the first time.[22][8] 2006 was the first time expeditionary exercises took place with a United States Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) leading the exercise.[3] Malabar 2007 was the first time three aircraft carriers took part.

In 2007, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, an initiative between Japan, United States, Australia and India impacted the Malabar exercise.[9] In 2007, for the first time, navies other than Indian and US joined the exercise with the armada including Japan, Singapore and Australia. Also for the first time, the exercise was shifted from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.[9]

India's Left Front parties that have criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government on the India-US civilian nuclear deal had vehemently protested the exercise, seeing it as another sign of the growing closeness between the two countries. At one time, the Indian government was known to have considered postponing or canceling the exercise but the Indian Navy put its foot down, saying the logistics involved made any delay impossible.[21] Protests against USS Nimitz were seen in India when it dropped anchor off Chennai in July.[21][23]

China, which did off not officially comment on the exercise, was known to be unhappy over the event as it was being conducted in the Bay of Bengal for the first time. China has been cultivating naval cooperation with Bangladesh and Myanmar to gain access to the Bay of Bengal and has been strengthening military cooperation with Sri Lanka. In June, China had issued a 'demarche' to India, United States, Japan and Australia seeking details about their four-nation meeting, termed a Quadrilateral Initiative. India and Australia had quickly assured Beijing that security and defence issues did not form part of the meeting's agenda.[24]

[25]

Edition Year Participants Exercise Area VesselsTemplate:Efn Exercises Ref
4 2002 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Arabian Sea Template:Plainlist Basic passing maneuvers, anti-submarine (ASW) exercises and replenishment-at-sea drills[26] [7]
5 2003 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast Template:Plainlist[27][28] 3 dimensional, anti-submarine warfare exercises, helicopter maneuvers, VBSS drills[27] [3]
6 2004 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS

Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS[29]

War at sea, submarine familiarization exercises, small boat transfers, group maneuvers, nighttime maneuvers, VBSS drills[30] [3]
7 2005 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast Template:Plainlist

[31][22]

Dissimilar air combat tactics (DACT),[31] joint salvage diving exercises,[3] a 24-hour 'war at sea' simulation[22] [3]
8 2006 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast Template:USS Expeditionary Strike Group (BOXESG; 13 ships including amphibious ships, cruisers, destroyers, Template:USS, marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit)

Indian guided missile frigates and destroyers

Template:HMCS

Coast guard ships included Template:USCGC and an Indian Coast Guard patrol ship[9]

Expeditionary ops.[3] Exchange of coast guard practices in maritime law enforcement, anti-piracy operations, pollution control, search and rescue, and VBSS support.

During the second phase, BOXESG conducted Indian port stops including Mumbai and Goa allowing it a chance to experience Indian culture, re-supply, and support a Habitat for Humanity project.

[3]
9 2007 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Philippine Sea Three carriers Template:INS, Template:USS, Template:USS

Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS

Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS and various Indian Naval aircraft.[32]

Command of the sea, maritime interdiction, exercises in all warfare areas. VBSS drills, surface exercises, coordinated fire, air defense and ASW exercises.[32] [3]
10 2007 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Bay of Bengal 27 ships (8 of Indian Navy, 14 from US Navy, and the remaining from JMSDF, RAN, RSN)[6]

Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, two guided missile cruisers, and six guided missile destroyers.

Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS

RAN represented by a frigate and a tanker; JMSDF by two destroyers; and RSN by a frigate.[6][15]

DACT, cross deck exercises, patrollings, air defence and ASW exercises, exercises related to maritime threats[6] [3]

2008–2014

Maritime forces from India, Japan and the U.S. during Malabar 2009
Sailors from USS Blue Ridge and embarked 7th Fleet staff cleaning up White Beach in Okinawa, Japan as part of the community service project, Malabar 2009.
File:120407-N-BC134-820.JPG (6913603830).jpg
Sailors assigned to the USS Bunker Hill work with Indian locals to clean a lake during a community relations project in support of Malabar 2012.
File:INS Shakti replenishing USS Carl Vinson.jpg
INS Shakti replenishing USS Carl Vinson during Malabar 2012.
File:120411-N-BC134-200.JPG (6936339080).jpg
An Indian Naval officer observes operations in the combat information center aboard USS Bunker Hill in support of Malabar 2012.
File:VAW-125 E-2C Hawkeye coming in for landing aboard USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) during Malabar 2012 120411-N-UT411-896.jpg
An E-2C Hawkeye aircraft assigned to Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron (VAW) 125 lands on USS Carl Vinson during Malabar 2012.

Domestic political changes in Australia and Japan, as well as China's opposition, resulted in Malabar 2008 being on a much smaller scale with only participation from India and the US, and being conducted in the Indian Ocean.[9] Some protests in India against the 2008 exercise were led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist).[9][33]

While the 2009 exercises were trilateral, India did not participate in the amphibious assault exercise in Japan.[3]

India had stopped involving more countries in the exercises after China, in 2007, sent demarches to all the participants of a five-nation naval exercise held in the Bay of Bengal. With the Japanese participation in 2009 raising no political storm, India was once again agreeable to the idea of allowing the JMSDF to participate.[34]

The Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on the east coast of Japan in March 2011 caused Japan to back out of the next Malabar which was held off the Okinawa coast.[9][34]

Edition Year Participants Exercise Area VesselsTemplate:Efn Exercises Ref
11 2008 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Arabian Sea Template:USS's Carrier Strike Group Seven, Template:USS, Template:USNS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS

Template:INS, Template:INS; Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS; and a submarine.[2][10][35]

Surface, sub-surface and air exercises, firing exercises, VBSS[2] [3]
12 2009 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Japan Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:JDS, Template:JDS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS[36][37] VBBS techniques, surface warfare maneuvers, anti-submarine warfare, gunnery training, air defense. [3]
13 2010 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's west coast Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS[16]Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS[38] Surface and antis-ubmarine warfare, coordinated gunnery exercises, air defense, and visit, board, search, and seizure drills. Sailors took part in professional exchanges and discussions while at-sea and on shore. US Navy personnel participated in a community service project during the port visit to Goa. [3]
14 2011 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Japan Carrier Strike Group Seven. Template:USS, Template:USS; Template:USS; Template:USS

Template:Ship, Template:Ship, Template:Ship; Template:Ship, Template:INS.[39][40][41]

Exercise's coincided with the Indian Navy's western Pacific deployment.[39] Exercise events included liaison officer professional exchanges and embarks; communications exercises; surface action group exercise operations; formation maneuvering; helicopter cross deck evolutions; underway replenishments; humanitarian assistance and disaster relief; gunnery exercises; VBSS; maritime strike; air defense; screen exercise and ASW.[40] [3]
15 2012 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Bay of Bengal Carrier Strike Group 1 comprising Template:USS, embarked Carrier Air Wing 17, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USNS.[42]

Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS[42][43][44]

Communications exercises, surface action group (SAG) operations, helicopter cross-deck evolutions, and gunnery exercises. The participants split into two SAGs, with Bunker Hill leading one and Satpura leading the other.[43] [3]
16 2013 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon India's east coast Template:USS

Template:INS, Template:INS[12]

'At-Sea' phase included professional exchanges and embarkations; communications exercises; Surface Action Group operations; leapfrogs; helicopter cross-deck evolutions; gunnery exercises; VBSS and ASW. [3]
17 2014 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Japan INS Ranvijay, INS Shivalik, Template:INSUS Navy Carrier Strike group based on USS George Washington, one submarine, two destroyers, one tanker[14][45] Carrier strike group operations, maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations, anti piracy and VBSS exercises, search and rescue exercises, helicopter cross-deck landings, underway replenishment, gunnery and ASW exercises, and liaison officer exchange and embarkation.[14] [3]

Template:Clear

2015–2019

File:Ships from the Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the U.S. Navy sail in formation in the Bay of Bengal during exercise Malabar 2017.jpg
Ships of the United States, India and Japan in the Bay of Bengal during exercise Malabar 2017.
File:Malabar 2019 ships (48836791626).jpg
American, Indian, and Japanese ships participating in Malabar 2019.
File:An Indian navy MIG-29K Fulcrum aircraft flies over USS Nimitz during Exercise Malabar 2017. (35174458953).jpg
An Indian Navy MIG-29K Fulcrum aircraft flies over USS Nimitz.

On 26 January 2015, the U.S. President and Indian Prime Minister agreed, in a joint statement, to upgrade exercise Malabar.[46] India invited Japan to be a part of exercise, held in the Bay of Bengal.[47] Japan joined as a permanent member.[48]

In 2015, the United States brought up the fact that India was doing its "bare minimum" with regard the participation in the exercise.[8] However, seeming to understand India's limitation, the United States has also responded accordingly.[3] For India, one of the reasons for converting Malabar into a multilateral exercise has been "resource optimisation".[3] As the number of maritime bilateral exercises over the years has been increasing, the Navy's resources are heavily strained. Further, the returns from the international exercises seem to be levelling out.[3] Inviting China to "socialise" during the Malabar exercises has been suggested.[3][8][49]

The 2018 Malabar exercise was conducted from 7 to 16 June 2018 off the coast of Guam in the Philippine Sea. This was the 22nd edition of the exercise and the first time it was held on United States territory. The exercise is divided into two phases. The harbor phase was held from 7 to 10 June at Naval Base Guam, and the sea phase from 11 to 16 June.[50] Based on news reports, India refused Australia participation in the exercise to avoid posturing it as a military group against China.[51]

Edition Year Participants Exercise Area VesselsTemplate:Efn Exercises Ref
18 2015 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Bay of Bengal Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INSTemplate:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS

Template:JS[52]

[53]
19 2016 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Philippine Sea Template:USS with embarked Carrier Air Wing 9, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS

Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS

Template:JS

[54][55]

Submarine familiarization (SUBFAM); high-value unit exercises; medical drills and other exercises and maneuvers.[54] [53]
20 2017 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Bay of Bengal A total of 16 ships, 2 submarines and 95 aircraft participated in this exercise.[11][56]Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Sindhughosh-class submarine, Template:INS[11]

Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS and Template:USS, a Los Angeles-class submarine[11]

Template:JS and its air wing, Template:JS[11][57]

Aircraft carrier operations, air defense, ASW, surface warfare, VBSS, search and rescue (SAR), joint and tactical procedures. Joint training between the naval special forces. [7]
21 2018 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Philippine Sea Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS[58]Template:USS. Template:USS

Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, a Los Angeles-class submarine[58]

Template:JS, Template:JS, Template:JS, a submarine[58]

Onshore and at-sea training, aircraft carrier operations, maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations, visit, board, search and seizure operations and professional exchanges[50] [7]
22 2019 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Japan Template:INS, Template:INS

Template:USS

Template:JS, Template:JS, Template:JS[13]

[7]

2020–present

File:Australian MH 60R Takeoff from USS John S. McCain, Bay of Bengal, 03 Nov 2020.jpg
Australian MH 60R takeoff from USS John S. McCain, Malabar 2020.
File:INS Khanderi steams in formation while participating in Malabar 2020.jpg
INS Khanderi (S51) steams in formation while participating in Malabar 2020 in the north Arabian Sea.
File:He Indian navy Kiev-class aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya (R 33) steams in formation while participating in Malabar 2020.jpg
INS Vikramaditya (R 33) steams in formation while participating in Malabar 2020 in the north Arabian Sea.

Malabar 2020 was a "non-contact, at sea only" exercise taking into consideration COVID-19 pandemic.[59][60] It was decided that Australia shall also be a part of the Malabar Naval exercise, in view to support a free, open and rule based Indo Pacific.[61] This is the first time that all four navies of the Quad will be in a joint exercise in 13 years.[62] US Deputy Secretary of State Stephen E Biegun, on 20 October 2020, said that Quad should be "more regularised", and at some point "formalised" with the passage of time.[63]

It was reported in the Sunday Telegraph on 7 March 2021 that France planned to join the four other nations in 2021, and had planned its annual Jeanne d'Arc naval exercise around this event.[64]

Edition Year Participants Exercise Area Vessels Exercises Ref
23 2020 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon (1) Bay of Bengal (2) Arabian Sea Template:USS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:HMAS, Template:JS.[65] Two carrier battle groups— Template:INS and Template:USS.[66] Phase II included tactical training night operations, underway replenishment, and gunnery exercises.[67] [59]
24 2021 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon (1) Philippine Sea (2) Bay of Bengal Template:USS, Task Force 72 aircraft, Template:USNS, Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:JS, Template:JS, Template:JS, Template:HMAS[68]

Template:INS, Template:INS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:USS, Template:HMAS, Template:HMAS, Template:JS, Template:JS[69]

[70]
25 2022 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon East China Sea USS Ronald Reagan, USS Chancellorsville, USS Milius, INS Shivalik, INS Kamorta, HMAS Arunta, HMAS Stalwart, JS Hyuga , JS Takanam, JS Shiranui, JS Osumi [71]

Template:Clear

See also

Template:Commons category

Geostrategy
International relations

Notes

Template:Notelist Template:Clear

References

  1. ↑ India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week. The Diplomat(5 June 2018). Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008. Indo–US Bilateral Naval Exercise – Malabar 08.. indiadefence.com (India Defence Consultants)(17 November 2008). Retrieved 28 November 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 India-US MALABAR Naval Exercises: Trends and Tribulations, Khurana, Gurpreet S. National Maritime Foundation(5 August 2014). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  4. ↑ Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise. Press Information Bureau, Government of India(19 October 2020). Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  5. ↑ Malabar Drill: India, US, Japan and Australia kick off Malabar drill; China reacts. The Times of India(3 November 2020). Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Exercise Malabar-2007: A Major Step Towards Finetuning Maritime Capabilities. Sainik Samachar(2007). Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 India's Malabar Dilemma (ORF Issue Brief No. 393). Observer Research Foundation(14 August 2020). Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Malabar: Modi Government misses an opportunity as annual exercise slumps, Joshi, Shashank. Lowy Institute. The Interpreter.(9 October 2015). Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Cold peace : China-India rivalry in the twenty-first century{{#if:Smith|, Smith}. Lanham, Maryland : Lexington Books(2014). ISBN 978-1-4985-2092-8
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Malabar 2008: India, United States Begin Arabian Sea Naval War Games from October 20th 2008. Indian Defence(18 October 2008). Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Exercise Malabar commences in Bay of Bengal/ North Indian Ocean. www.indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Indo - US Naval Exercise 'MALABAR 2013' Commences in Bay of Bengal. www.indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Exercise Malabar 2019. Indian Navy. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Malabar 2014: A Multilateral Naval exercise starts. Indian Navy Press Release. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Indian Navy's Malabar and other Exercises, Ved, Mahendra. India Strategic(September 2007). Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 U.S. Navy prepares to participate in Exercise Malabar 2010. U.S. 7th Fleet.(23 April 2010). Retrieved 2014-06-05.
  17. ↑ Tiger Triumph: US-India Military Relations Get More Complex. The Diplomat(15 November 2019). Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Indo–US Naval Exercises. Strategic Studies({Template:Date).
  19. ↑ India, US hold naval exercises(2003-10-05). Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  20. ↑ Strategic Partnerships in Asia: Balancing Without Alliances{{#if:Nadkarni|, Nadkarni}. Routledge(2010-01-21). ISBN 978-1-135-26525-0
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 The battle is on, Cherian, John. Frontline. The Hindu(21 September 2007). Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Indo-US navy exercises:More than expected achieved, Sathe, Abhijeet. Rediff(29 September 2005). Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  23. ↑ USS Nimitz touches Chennai port despite protests. International Reporter(2 July 2007).
  24. ↑ What is Malabar naval exercise? Why is Chinese media considering it a threat?. India Today(10 July 2017). Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  25. ↑ Your navy is world class: Interview: US Pacific Fleet Commander Gary Roughead. Rediff(2006). Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  26. ↑ What India Wants, Griffin, Christopher J.. American Enterprise Institute(31 December 2006). Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Indo-U.S. naval exercise begins today. The Hindu(2003-10-06). Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  28. ↑ Malabar-2003 naval exercise signals new high in cooperation between India and US, Unnithan, Sandeep. India Today(20 October 2003). Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  29. ↑ Malabar 2004. Malabar '04 Exercises Conclude Successfully Off Indian Coast.. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs(14 October 2004). Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Press Releases 2005. Malabar 05: Indo-US Aircraft Carriers to Conduct Joint Exercise in Arabian Sea.. Embassy of the United States, New Delhi(26 September 2005).
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Malabar 07-01.(9 April 2007). Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  33. ↑ Against the Malabar Exercises. Communist Party of India (Marxist)(22 August 2008). Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Japan to take part in India-U.S. naval exercises again. The Hindu(16 February 2011). Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  35. ↑ U.S. Navy Ships Arrive in India for 10th Malabar Exercise. U.S. Seventh Fleet(17 October 2008). Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  36. ↑ India, Japan, U.S. Foster Relationships During MALABAR. navy.mil(5 May 2009). Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  37. ↑ Malabar 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  38. ↑ Indo-US naval exercise 'Malabar 2010' begins. The New Indian Express(24 April 2010). Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Malabar 2011 Enters Final Phase. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs(10 April 2011). Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Seventh Fleet to Conduct Exercise Malabar with Indian Navy. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs(2 April 2011). Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  41. ↑ U.S., Indian Navies Kick Off Malabar 2011. U.S. 7th Fleet Public Affairs(10 April 2011). Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012. www.public.navy.mil(13 April 2012). Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Byron C. Linder (17 April 2012). Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012 . U.S. 7th Fleet. Template:Webarchive
  44. ↑ India's Navy Good U.S. Option, Keck, Zachary. The Diplomat(10 April 2012). Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  45. ↑ Malabar 2014: a good beginning, Brewster, David(29 July 2014). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  46. ↑ U.S India Joint Statement(30 September 2014). Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  47. ↑ Malabar-15 naval exercise begins. Deccan Herald. 15 October 2015. Template:Webarchive
  48. ↑ Explained: The Malabar Exercise of Quad nations, and why it matters to India, Kaushik, Krishn. The Indian Express(2021-08-31). Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  49. ↑ India-Japan-US Malabar 2017 Naval Exercises Kick Off With Anti-Submarine Warfare in Focus. The Diplomat(10 July 2017). Retrieved 2017-07-13.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week. The Diplomat(5 June 2018). Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  51. ↑ India Keeps Australia Out of the Malabar Exercise -- Again. The Diplomat(8 May 2018). Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  52. ↑ Trilateral Air Defense Exercise Launches Malabar 2015(17 October 2015). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Exercise Malabar - 2016 | Indian Navy. indiannavy.nic.in. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Malabar 2016: All you need to know about US, Indian and Japanese joint naval exercise that begins today, Purohit, Jugal R.. India Today(14 June 2016). Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  55. ↑ Three nations set sail for exercise Malabar 2016. www.public.navy.mil(16 July 2016). Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  56. ↑ Malabar 2017: India-Japan-U.S. joint exercise kicks off. The Hindu(2017-07-11). Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  57. ↑ Indian, Japanese and U.S. maritime forces to participate in Malabar 2017. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India(15 June 2017). Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Eastern Fleet Ships Underway to Guam, USA for Exercise Malabar 2018. Press Information Bureau, Government of India(4 June 2018). Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Malabar 2020: the coming together of the Quad in the seas. The Hindu(2020-10-31). Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  60. ↑ Malabar-20 Phase 1 : 03 To 06 November 2020. Indian Navy. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  61. ↑ Malabar 2020 Naval Exercise. Press Information Bureau, Government of India(19 October 2020). Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  62. ↑ Navies of India, Australia, Japan, US start first phase of Malabar exercises, Roche, Elizabeth. mint(2020-11-03). Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  63. ↑ Malabar exercise: US wants Quad to be 'more regularised', China 'notices' it. The Indian Hawk(21 October 2020). Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  64. ↑ France sends navy mission to South China Sea as tensions build in Beijing's back yard(7 March 2021). Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  65. ↑ India Hosts Japan, Australia, U.S. in Naval Exercise MALABAR 2020. United States Navy(2 November 2020). Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  66. ↑ Phase 2 of Exercise Malabar 2020 in Western Indian Ocean. Indian Navy(17 November 2020). Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  67. ↑ Nimitz Strike Group Participates in Malabar with Australia, India and Japan. United States Navy(17 November 2020). Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  68. ↑ First phase of annual maritime exercise Malabar 2021 commences. Naval Technology(27 August 2021). Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  69. ↑ Second phase of Exercise Malabar 2021 set to commence. www.naval-technology.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  70. ↑ Second phase of Exercise Malabar 2021 set to commence. Naval Technology(11 October 2021). Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  71. ↑ 'Quad' countries kick off Malabar exercise with China on their radar screens | India News - Times of India, Pandit, Rajat. The Times of India(November 9, 2022). Retrieved 2022-11-10.
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