Template:Infobox language Doabi (Template:Small Template:IPA; Template:Small Template:IPA), also known as Bist Doabi or Jalandhari, is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated, Doaba or Bist Doab,[1] between the Beas and Sutlej. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Punjabi Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, Una and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab; and some areas of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.Template:Citation needed
The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
Spirantisation of /Template:IPA/ and /Template:IPA/ is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner. Template:IPA are pronounced Template:IPA respectively. Another surprising aspect is that Template:IPA is almost always pronounced as Template:IPA.
Debuccalisation of Template:IPA, to Template:IPA in between vowels also occurs.
Among youngesters, Template:IPA and Template:IPA are often replaced with Template:IPA and Template:IPA. Though, some will replace all instances of alveolar Template:IPA and Template:IPA with retroflex Template:IPA and Template:IPA as a form of overcompensation.
Consonants Template:IPA and Template:IPA are often realised as nasal and lateral flaps respectively.
Doabi's fortition Template:IPA at the start of a stressed syllable to Template:IPA[3] as in Template:IPA (big) to Template:IPA .
They also use Template:IPA elsewhere in a word instead of Template:IPA as in Template:IPA (dream) to Template:IPA. A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of w. Where Template:IPA appears in the middle of a word in Standard Punjabi, Doabis use Template:IPA so that Template:IPA (wind) becomes Template:IPA.
Also, the vowel Template:IPA is pronounced Template:IPA. Accordingly, Template:IPA (happy) becomes Template:IPA or Template:IPA (to beat - noun form) becomes Template:IPA. In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed Template:IPA is pronounced Template:IPA. For example, the word Template:IPA (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as Template:IPA or the word Template:IPA (in [something]) is pronounced as Template:IPA.
The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:[4]
* does not occur word initially
Vowels
| Front | Center | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long | Short | Long | Short | ||
| Close | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | ʊ | |
| Mid-close | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | |||
| Mid-open | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | ||
| Open | Template:IPA | ||||
Doabi has ten vowels. These are Template:IPA
For example:
| Vowel | Word | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Template:IPA ਅ | ਅੱਖ /Template:IPA/ | 'eye' |
| Template:IPA ਉ | ਉਠ /Template:IPA/ | ‘awake’ |
| Template:IPA ਇ | ਇੱਟ /Template:IPA/ | ‘brick’ |
| Template:IPA ਆ | ਆਸ /Template:IPA/ | ‘hope’ |
| Template:IPA ਐ | ਐਨਕ /Template:IPA/ | spectacles’ |
| Template:IPA ਊ | ਊਠ /Template:IPA/ | ‘camel’ |
| Template:IPA ਏ | ਸ਼ੇਰ /Template:IPA/ | ‘lion’ |
| Template:IPA ਓ | ਮੋਰ /Template:IPA/ | ‘peacock’ |
| Template:IPA ਔ | /Template:IPA/ | ‘fear’ |
| Template:IPA ਈ | ਤੀਰ /Template:IPA/ | ‘arrow’ |
One of the most distinctive features of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:
But are phonetically:Template:Citation needed
Nasalisation
Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic.
Suprasegmental Features
Tone
Three tones are used in Doabi: low, mid and high. For example;
| Tone | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Falling | ਭਾ pà | ‘rate’ |
| Neutral | ਪਾ pa | ‘put’ |
| Rising | ਪਾਹ pá | ‘harsh’ |
This tonogenesis occurred from the loss of breathy voiced consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss of phonemes led to tone to distinguish between similar morphemes.
When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.
Loss of word-final Template:IPA also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.
Stress, however can change what tone on what syllable is present.
Stress
Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.
Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.
For example:
| Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|
| ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ | ‘pitcher’ |
| ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ | ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’ |
Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;
| Unstressed | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| sTemplate:Clarify | sattTemplate:Clarify | ‘essence’ |
| Template:Clarify | sirnawa | ‘address’ |
| Stressed | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| sTemplate:Clarify | satTemplate:Clarify | ‘seven’ |
| ttTemplate:Clarify | pattaTemplate:Clarify | ‘leaf’ |
Some basic vocabulary items
| Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | ‘father’ |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | ‘sister’ |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | ‘brother’ |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | ‘apple’ |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | ‘paddy’ |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | ‘elder’ |
Fortition of Template:IPA word-initially
Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"[3] as in "vàdda" (big) to "bàdda". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".
Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.
Grammar
Sentence structure
Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.
Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He is doing | Oh kardā ā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ |
Oh kardā ɛ̀/e*
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ* |
| They are doing | Oh karde (y)ā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ |
Oh karde han
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ |
| *spoken forms |
Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He was doing | oh kardā sī/sīgā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ Template:Nastaliq |
oh kardā sī
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ Template:Nastaliq |
| They were doing | oh karde sī/sīge
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ Template:Nastaliq |
oh karde san
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) Template:Nastaliq |
| You (sing. m.) were doing | tũ kardā sī/sīgā
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ Template:Nastaliq |
tũ kardā sɛ̃
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ Template:Nastaliq |
| You (pl.) were doing | tusī̃ karde sī/sīge
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ Template:Nastaliq |
tusī̃ karde so
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ Template:Nastaliq |
| I (m.) was doing | mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ Template:Nastaliq |
mɛ̃ kardā sã
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ Template:Nastaliq |
| We were doing | āppā karde sī/sīge
ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ Template:Nastaliq |
asī̃ karde sã
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ Template:Nastaliq |
Vocabulary
| Doabi | English | Standard Punjabi |
|---|---|---|
| ਹੋਊਗਾ "hōūgā" | Will Happen | "hōvēgā" |
| "bāɽa" | Cow shed | "havelī" |
| ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ" | Neck | "gardan" |
| "pāḷā " | Cold | "thand" |
| "kunjī" | Key | "chābbī" |
| "gaṭhe" | Onions | "ganḍē" |
| "niāṇe" | Children | "bacche" |
| "Dekhṇa" | To See | "Vekhṇā" |
| "kardā sī | To Be Doing | "kar ría ɛ̀" |
| "gábbe" | Middle | "vichkār" |
| "līre/talle" | Clothes | "kappaṛe" |
| "lītā" | Bought | "Leyayea" |
Orthography
Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.
Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters in orthography:
- ਘ
- ਝ
- ਢ
- ਧ
- ਭ
- ੜ੍ਹ
See also
- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
- Malwi dialect
- Puadhi dialect
- Omission of word-final shwa in Indo-Aryan languages
Notes
References
- ↑ Punjabi University, Patiala.. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ↑ Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Density of Population. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
- ↑ Chapter-III. Retrieved 2014-04-03.