Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: "Template:Currentyear CE" and "AD Template:Currentyear" each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year.[1][2]
The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Template:Lang-la (Template:Transliteration),[3][4] and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".Template:Efn The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,[5] and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since the later 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications because BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms.[6][7] They are used by others who wish to be sensitive to non-Christians by not referring to Jesus, the center figure of Christianity, especially via the religious terms "Christ" and Template:Lang ("Lord") utilized by the other abbreviations.[8][9]Template:EfnTemplate:Efn
History
Origins
Template:See also The idea of numbering years beginning from the date then believed to be the date of birth of Jesus, was conceived around the year 525 by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus. He did this to replace the then dominant Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[10] He numbered years from an initial reference date ("epoch"), an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus.[10][11][12] Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi".[13]
This way of numbering years became more widespread in Europe with its use by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus,[14] and the practice of not using a year zero.Template:Efn In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[15]
Vulgar Era
The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era" to distinguish dates on the Ecclesiastic calendar in popular use from dates of the regnal year, the year of the reign of a sovereign, typically used in national law. (The word 'vulgar' originally meant 'of the ordinary people', with no derogatory associations.)
The first known use of the Latin term Template:LangTemplate:Efn occurred in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler.[4] Kepler uses it again, as Template:Lang, in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[16] and again, as Template:Lang, in 1617.[17] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found use of Vulgar Era in English.[18] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[19] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[20][21] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[22]
The first known use of "Christian Era" appears as the Latin phrase Template:Lang on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[23] In 1649, the Latin phrase Template:Lang appeared in the title of an English almanac.[24] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance found so far of the English use of "Christian Era".[25]
The English phrase "Common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[5] and in a 1715 book on astronomy it is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[26] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[27] The first use found so far of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[28] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously (meaning not the regnal year).[29] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[30] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era".[31] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.[32]
The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a 'generic' sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[33][34] "the common era of the Mahometans",[35] "common era of the world",[36] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[37] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[38] "common era of the Nativity",[39] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[40]
An adapted translation of Common Era into Latin as Template:Lang (eraTemplate:Snd or, with a macron, Template:LangTemplate:Snd being an alternative form of Template:Lang; Template:Lang is the usual form[41]) was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[42]
History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation
Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often use the Gregorian calendar without the AD prefix.[43] As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.[44] Template:As of, Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for more than a century.[45] In 1856, Rabbi and historian Morris Jacob Raphall used the abbreviations CE and BCE in his book Post-Biblical History of The Jews.[46]Template:Efn Jews have also used the term Current Era.[47]
Contemporary usage
Some academics in the fields of theology, education, archaeology and history have adopted CE and BCE notation despite some disagreement.[48] Several style guides now prefer or mandate its use.[49] A study conducted in 2014 found that the BCE/CE notation is not growing at the expense of BC and AD notation in the scholarly literature, and that both notations are used in a relatively stable fashion.[50]
United Kingdom
In 2002, an advisory panel for the religious education syllabus for England and Wales recommended introducing BCE/CE dates to schools,[51] and by 2018 some local education authorities were using them.[52] In 2018, the National Trust said it would continue to use BC/AD as its house style.[52] English Heritage explains its era policy thus: "It might seem strange to use a Christian calendar system when referring to British prehistory, but the BC/AD labels are widely used and understood."[53] Some parts of the BBC use BCE/CE, but some presenters have said they will not.[52] As of October 2019, the BBC News style guide has entries for AD and BC, but not for CE or BCE.[54]
The style guide for The Guardian says, under the entry for CE/BCE: "some people prefer CE (common era, current era, or Christian era) and BCE (before common era, etc) to AD and BC, which, however, remain our style".[55]
United States
In the United States, the use of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks was reported in 2005 to be growing.[45] Some publications have transitioned to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch to BCE/CE, ending a period of 138 years in which the traditional BC/AD dating notation was used. BCE/CE is used by the College Board in its history tests,[56] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[57] The 2006 style guide for the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News says that BCE and CE should be used.[58]
In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of local discretion.[59][60][61]
Australia
In 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[62] The change drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[63]
Canada
In 2013, the Canadian Museum of Civilization (now the Canadian Museum of History) in Gatineau (opposite Ottawa), which had previously switched to BCE/CE, decided to change back to BC/AD in material intended for the public while retaining BCE/CE in academic content.[64]
Rationales
Support
The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD. Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord.[65][66][67]
Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians, but who are not themselves Christian.[68]
Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan[69] has argued:
Adena K. Berkowitz, in her application to argue before the United States Supreme Court, opted to use BCE and CE because "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designationsTemplate:SndB.C.E. and C.E.Template:Snd cast a wider net of inclusion".[70]
Some academics prefer B.C.E./C.E. because the actual date of birth of Jesus is not known and almost certainly not 1 AD.[71][72]
Opposition
Christian, non-Christian, and non-religious individuals who oppose the usage of Common Era often note the fact that there is no difference in the origin of the two systems. BCE and CE are still based on BC and AD and denote the periods before and after Jesus was born.[73]
Some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to Jesus in the Common Era notation.[74] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.[75]
Roman Catholic priest and writer on interfaith issues Raimon Panikkar argued that the BCE/CE usage is the less inclusive option, since they are still using the Christian calendar numbers, forcing it on other nations.[76] In 1993, the English-language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated a slippery slope scenario in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."[77]
Conventions in style guides
The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which still often precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[78] Thus, the current year is written as Template:Currentyear in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as Template:Currentyear CE, or as AD Template:Currentyear), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., "B.C.E." or "C.E.").[79] The US-based Society of Biblical Literature style guide for academic texts on religion prefers BCE/CE to BC/AD.[80]
Similar conventions in other languages
- In Germany, Jews in Berlin seem to have already been using words translating to "(before the) common era" in the 18th century, while others like Moses Mendelssohn opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.[81] The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like Template:Lang (before the common chronology).[82][83] In 1938 Nazi Germany the use of this convention was also prescribed by the National Socialist Teachers League.[84] However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and Time magazine found it ironic to see "Aryans following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".[81]
- In Spanish, common forms used for "BC" are Template:Lang and Template:Lang (for "Template:Lang", "before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use of Template:Lang (Template:Lang) instead of Template:Lang. The Template:Lang also acknowledges the use of Template:Lang (Template:Lang-es) and Template:Lang (Template:Lang-es).[85] In scholarly writing, Template:Lang is the equivalent of the English "BCE", "Template:Lang" or "Before the Common Era".
- In Welsh, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (Template:Lang) and CE (Template:Lang); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, Template:Lang) is used exclusively, as Template:Lang would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.[86] Template:Better source needed
- In Russian since the October Revolution (1917) Template:Lang, lit. before our era) and Template:Lang lit. of our era) are used almost universally. Within Christian churches Template:Lang, i.e. before/after the birth of Christ, equivalent to Template:Lang-la) remains in use.
- In Polish, "p.n.e." (Template:Lang, lit. before our era) and "n.e." (Template:Lang, lit. of our era) are commonly used in historical and scientific literature. Template:Lang (before Christ) and Template:Lang (after Christ) see sporadic usage, mostly in religious publications.
- In China, upon the foundation of the Republic of China, the Government in Nanking adopted the Republic of China calendar with 1912 designated as year 1, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was Template:Lang-zh (Template:Lang, "Western Era"), which is still used in Taiwan in formal documents. In 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted Template:Lang (Template:Lang, "Common Era") for both internal and external affairs in mainland China. This notation was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of Hong Kong Basic Law and Macau Basic Law, thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas. BC is translated into Chinese as Template:Lang (Template:Lang, "Before the Common Era").
- In Czech, the "n. l." (Template:Lang which translates as of our year count) and "př. n. l." or "před n. l." (Template:Lang meaning before our year count) is used, always after the year number. The direct translation of AD (Template:Lang, abbreviated as L. P.) or BC (Template:Lang, abbreviated as př. Kr.) is seen as archaic.[87]
- In Croatian the common form used for BC and AD are pr. Kr. (prije Krista, "before Christ")[88] and p. Kr. (poslije Krista, after Christ).[89] The abbreviations pr. n. e. (prije nove ere, before new era)[90] and n. e. (nove ere, (of the) new era)[91] have also recently been introduced.
- In Danish, "f.v.t." (Template:Lang, before our time reckoning) and "e.v.t." (Template:Lang, after our time reckoning) are used as BCE/CE are in English. Also commonly used are "f.Kr." (Template:Lang, before Christ) and "e.Kr." (Template:Lang, after Christ), which are both placed after the year number in contrast with BC/AD in English.
- In Macedonian, the terms "п.н.е." (пред нашата ера "before our era") and "н.е." (наша ера "our era") are used in every aspect, likely as a remnant of socialist era ban on religions.Template:Cn
- In Estonian, "e.m.a." (Template:Lang, before our time reckoning) and "m.a.j." (Template:Lang, according to our time reckoning) are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also in use are terms "eKr" (Template:Lang, before Christ) and "pKr" (Template:Lang, after Christ). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number.
- In Finnish, "eaa." (Template:Lang, before time reckoning) and "jaa." (Template:Lang, after the start of time reckoning) are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also (decreasingly) in use are terms "eKr," (Template:Lang, before Christ) and "jKr." (Template:Lang, after Christ). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number.
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ↑ Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D.. Live Science. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedVulgarisAerae1 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 first so-far-found use of common era in English (1708){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Printed for H. Rhodes(1708) The History of the Works of the Learned{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(January 1708)
- ↑ Year dating conventions, Espenak, Fred. NASA(25 February 2008). Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ↑ BC and AD vs. BCE and CE: How to Use Correctly. The Editor's Manual(31 May 2021). Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ↑ BCE date designation called more sensitive. Chicago Sun-Times(27 May 2006). Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ↑ Common Era entry{{#if:McKim|, McKim}. Westminster John Knox Press(1996). ISBN 978-0-664-25511-4
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPedersen - ↑ Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1
- ↑ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia{{#if:Bromiley|, Bromiley}. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing(1995). ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3
- ↑ Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
- ↑ Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 778.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCathEncy-Chron - ↑ Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Plancus(1616) Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis...{{#if:Kepler|, Kepler}. Plancus(1616)
- ↑ Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus(1617) Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]...{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Johannes Plancus(1617) * Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636
- ↑ Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1635) Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633 ...{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1635)
- ↑ 'vulgar era in English (1701){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1701) The Harmony of the Evangelists{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Sam Buckley(1701)
- ↑ Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1799) The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1716)
- ↑ Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ "vulgar era of the nativity" (1796){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies(1796) Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to ...{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies(1796)
- ↑ 1584 Latin use of Template:Lang{{#if:|, {{{last}}}} De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit.{{#if:Grynaeus|, Grynaeus}. Typis Iacobi Mylij(1584)
- ↑ 1649 use of Template:Lang in English book – 1st use found in English{{#if:|, {{{last}}}} Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.{{#if:WING|, WING}. J.L. for the Company of Stationers(1649)
- ↑ first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652){{#if:|, {{{last}}}} A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Printed for the Company of Stationers(1652)
- ↑ The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical{{#if:Gregory|, Gregory}. printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew(1715) Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
- ↑ 1759 use of common æra{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Printed for C. Bathurst(1759) An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time{{#if:Sale|, Sale}. C. Bathurst [etc.](1759) In this case, their refers to the Jews.
- ↑ First-so-far found English use of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law(1770) The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres{{#if:Hooper|, Hooper}. G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane(1770)
- ↑ "vulgar era" in 1797 EB{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar(1797)
"common era" in 1797 EB{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar(1797)
Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1797) - ↑ The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1835)
- ↑ The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1835)
- ↑ General Chronology "Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living".
- ↑ "common era of the Jews" (1874){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1874) Conversations Lexicon{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(1874)
- ↑ "common era of the Jews" (1858){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt(1858) The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt(1858)
- ↑ "common era of the Mahometans" (1856){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1856) Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University(1856)
- ↑ "common era of the world" (1801){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. F. and C. Rivington(1801) The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones{{#if:Jones|, Jones}. Rivington(1801)
- ↑ "common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1854) Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Fetridge and Company(1854)
- ↑ "common era of the Incarnation" (1833){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. A. & C. Black(1833) The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Henry G. Allen and Company(1833)
- ↑ "common era" "of the Nativity" (1864){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Hodges, Smith & co.(1864) St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University(1864)
- ↑ "common era of the birth of Christ" (1812){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne(1812) Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. A. J. Valpy for T. Payne(1812)
- ↑ Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Hachette(1934)
- ↑ What is Thelema?. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Judaism 101. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions. Jewish Communities & Records. Retrieved 18 May 2011.[19 Sivan 5585 AM is 5 June 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedGormley - ↑ Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of The Jews. Retrieved from Post-Biblical History of the Jews.
- ↑ History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE. British Broadcasting Corporation(8 February 2005). Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ↑ See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use CE (common era), BP (before present), or BCE; convert these expressions to AD and BC." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years BP" in connection with radiocarbon ages.) Style Guide(December 2006). Retrieved 16 January 2017. whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach, supporting the use of "CE" and "BCE." AAA Style Guide(2009). Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ↑ Submission Guidelines for The Ostracon. The Ostracon – Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society.
- ↑ Is the CE/BCE notation becoming a standard in scholarly literature?. Scientometrics({Template:Date).
- ↑ AD and BC become CE/BCE(9 February 2002). Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "National Trust tells properties to stop dropping BC and AD out of fear it might offend non-Christians", The Daily Telegraph, by Henry Bodkin, 12 November 2018
- ↑ Stonehenge glossary, "BC and AD" English Heritage
- ↑ BBC News style guide. BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ↑ Guardian style guide. Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ↑ AP: World History. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Jerusalem Timeline. History Channel. Retrieved 18 May 2011.;Jerusalem: Biographies. History Channel. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual(1 April 2005). Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy. Family Foundation of Kentucky. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ School board keeps traditional historic designations. Louisville Courier-Journal(15 June 2006). Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Kentucky Board of Education Report. Kentucky Board of Education Report(10 June 2006). Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Anger in Australia as school books 'write Christ out of history'. The Telegraph(2 September 2011). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ↑ AD/BC rock solid in curriculum. The Age(21 October 2011). Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ↑ "Museum of Civilization putting the 'Christ' back in history as BC and AD return", by Sean Kilpatrick/The Canadian Press, National Post, 27 February 2013
- ↑ The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1910)
- ↑ World Religions At Your Fingertips{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Penguin(2009). ISBN 978-1-101-01469-1
- ↑ BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord?, Ostling, Michael(10 October 2009). Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedRelTolrnc - ↑ Annan: 'Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. National Catholic Reporter(11 December 1998). Retrieved 26 February 2008.
- ↑ B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.?(17 August 1997).
- ↑ The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System. World History Encyclopedia.(27 March 2017). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ↑ BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord?(10 October 2009). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ↑ What is the Difference Between AD, BC, BCE, and CE in Identifying Historical Dates?. Historical Index. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'. The Deseret News(2 December 2006). Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedSBC - ↑ Christophany: The Fullness of Man{{#if:Panikkar|, Panikkar}. Orbis Books(2004). ISBN 978-1-57075-564-4
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWilson - ↑ Chicago Manual of Style{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of Chicago Press(2017). ISBN 978-0-226-28705-8
- ↑ Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ↑ SBL Handbook of Style Society of Biblical Literature 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see § 7.1.3.2.)"
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ Template:Lang (19 May 1838). See page 175 in Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2 (Leipzig 1838).
- ↑ Template:Aut, Template:Lang (Leipzig 1862–1869).
- ↑ Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat, von und zu Guttenberg, Karl Ludwig Freiherr(May 1938). Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ↑ Ortografía de la lengua española{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española(2010)
- ↑ Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives. JISCMail(19 October 2006). Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ↑ Jazyková příručka Ústavu pro jazyk český. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ↑ Hrvatski jezični portal. hjp.znanje.hr. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ Hrvatski jezični portal. hjp.znanje.hr. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ Hrvatski jezični portal. hjp.znanje.hr. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ↑ Hrvatski jezični portal. hjp.znanje.hr. Retrieved 16 March 2021.