Baháʼí House of Worship

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The Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois

A Baháʼí House of Worship or Baháʼí temple is a place of worship of the Baháʼí Faith. It is also referred to by the name Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, which is Arabic for "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God". Baháʼí Houses of Worship are open to both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼís for prayer and reflection. All Baháʼí Houses of Worship have a round, nine-sided shape and are surrounded by nine pathways leading outwards and nine gardens. Baháʼí literature envisages Houses of Worship surrounded by a number of dependencies dedicated to social, humanitarian, educational, and scientific pursuits, although no Baháʼí House of Worship has yet been built up to that extent. At present, most Baháʼí devotional meetings occur in individuals' homes or local Baháʼí centres rather than in Baháʼí Houses of Worship.

Template:As of, fourteen Baháʼí Houses of Worship have been completed around the world (including one that was later destroyed). Eight of the thirteen that are currently standing are continental Houses of Worship, located in the United States, Uganda, Australia, Germany, Panama, Samoa, India, and Chile. Two of the continental Houses of Worship, the Lotus Temple and the Santiago Baháʼí Temple, have won numerous architectural awards. Of the other five standing Baháʼí Houses of Worship, four are local Houses of Worship and one is a national House of Worship. Work on another two Baháʼí Houses of Worship is ongoing, and Baháʼí communities own over 120 properties intended for future Houses of Worship.

History

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A map of the location of Baháʼí Houses of Worship worldwide as of 2021; dark green represents countries that currently have a House of Worship, red represents countries where a House of Worship once existed but no longer does, and light green represents countries where a House of Worship is planned or under construction; black dots indicate the location of completed Houses of Worship, while hollow black dots indicate the location of Houses of Worship that are planned or under construction.

The Baháʼí House of Worship was first mentioned under the name Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (Template:Lang; Arabic for "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God") in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, the book of laws of Baháʼu'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí Faith.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn Baháʼu'lláh wrote:Template:Sfn

O people of the world! Build ye houses of worship throughout the lands in the name of Him Who is the Lord of all religions. Make them as perfect as is possible in the world of being, and adorn them with that which befitteth them, not with images and effigies. Then, with radiance and joy, celebrate therein the praise of your Lord, the Most Compassionate.

The first Baháʼí House of Worship, in what is now Turkmenistan, was planned during the lifetime of Baháʼu'lláh and then designed and constructed during the ministry of his son and successor, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.Template:Sfn It was completed in 1919 but later expropriated from the Baháʼís and eventually demolished.Template:Sfn The cornerstone of the first Baháʼí House of Worship that is still standing, in the United States, was laid in 1912 by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, and the House of Worship was dedicated in 1953 during the ministry of his grandson and successor, Shoghi Effendi.Template:Sfn

Also in 1953, Shoghi Effendi announced a long-term plan to build a temple for each (roughly) continental region.Template:Sfn These temples are referred to as "Mother temples" or continental temples and are intended as the first of many temples in their regions.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Shoghi Effendi died in 1957, but his plans for the construction of Baháʼí Houses of Worship were continued by the Universal House of Justice, a body first elected in 1963 that has led the world Baháʼí community since that time.Template:Sfn The Universal House of Justice has included constructing Houses of Worship in the goals of some of its teaching plans.Template:Sfn By the end of the twentieth century, further continental Houses of Worship were completed in Uganda, Australia, Germany, Panama, Samoa, and India.Template:Sfn In 2001, the Universal House of Justice wrote in its Ridván Message to the Baháʼís of the world that "with profound thankfulness and joyTemplate:Nbsp... we announce at this auspicious moment the decision to proceed" with the construction in Chile of the eighth and final continental House of Worship.Template:Sfn It was completed in 2016.Template:Sfn

Meanwhile, in the Ridván message of 2012, the Universal House of Justice announced the locations of the first local and national Baháʼí Houses of Worship that would be built.Template:Sfn The first two national Houses of Worship would be in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Papua New Guinea, while the first five local Houses of Worship would be in Cambodia, India, Kenya, Colombia, and Vanuatu.Template:Sfn Since then, one of the planned national Houses of Worship has been completed,Template:Sfn as have four of the planned local Houses of Worship.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Work on the second national House of Worship and the fifth local House of Worship is in progress.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In addition, more than 120 national Baháʼí communities have now acquired properties for the eventual construction of Baháʼí Houses of Worship,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn compared to 84 national communities that had done so by 1988.Template:Sfn

Architecture

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Interior of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Sydney

All Baháʼí Houses of Worship share certain architectural elements, some of which are specified by Baháʼí scripture.Template:Sfn They are required to have a round, nine-sided shape and to have nine pathways lead outward and nine gardens surrounding them.Template:Sfn The number nine is symbolically significant for Baháʼís, representing completeness, perfection, and the Baháʼí teaching of the unity of religion.Template:Sfn While as of 2010 all standing Baháʼí Houses of Worship have a dome, the Baháʼí laws do not require Houses of Worship to have domes.Template:Sfn The Greatest Name, a Baháʼí symbol, appears in calligraphy in each temple, often at the top of the dome.Template:Sfn All Baháʼí Houses of Worship also have a prayer hall, with seats facing towards the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre, Israel, which is the Qiblih, the direction Baháʼís face in their obligatory prayers.Template:Sfn No pulpits or altars may be incorporated as architectural features.Template:Sfn

While they share some essential architectural elements, Baháʼí Houses of Worship differ in other aspects of their designs.Template:Sfn Design proposals may be submitted by Baháʼí and non-Baháʼí architects, and some completed Houses of Worship were designed by non-Baháʼís.Template:Sfn The Baháʼí Houses of Worship designed while Shoghi Effendi led the Baháʼí community include many classical architectural elements and generally avoid modern styles, which he described as "for the most part ugly, and altogether too utilitarian in aspect for a House of Worship".Template:Sfn To varying degrees, Baháʼí Houses of Worship also integrate cultural and environmental elements from the areas in which they are built into their materials, landscaping, and architecture.Template:Sfn These local symbols are generally more prominent in the more recent Houses of Worship.Template:Sfn

Purpose and activities

A Baháʼí House of Worship is a place of worship of the Baháʼí Faith, where both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼís can express devotion to God.Template:Sfn Baháʼí Houses of Worship are open to all regardless of religion, gender, or any other distinction.Template:Sfn The only requirements for entry are modest dress and quiet behavior.Template:Sfn The Baháʼí laws state that a House of Worship should be built in each city and town.Template:Sfn Shoghi Effendi said that a Baháʼí temple is a "silent teacher" of the Baháʼí Faith.Template:Sfn

The Baháʼí laws require that only scriptural texts—of the Baháʼí Faith or other religions—may be read or chanted inside, though in any language.Template:Sfn Since there are no pulpits, readers may use a simple portable lectern.Template:Sfn While readings and prayers that have been set to music may be sung by choirs, no musical instruments may be played inside.Template:Sfn Several Baháʼí Houses of Worship have established choirs that sing music based on the Baháʼí writings (scriptures).Template:Sfn Baháʼí scripture also states that no pictures, statues, or images may be displayed within Houses of Worship.Template:Sfn No sermons may be delivered, and no ritualistic ceremonies may be practiced.Template:Sfn Memorial services are sometimes held in Bahá'í Houses of Worship, and while wedding ceremonies are not permitted inside, they are often held in the gardens of the temples.Template:Sfn In mainly Christian countries, Baháʼí Houses of Worship offer weekly devotional services on Sundays, with the Baháʼí calendar not yet implemented for temple worship.Template:Sfn

Shoghi Effendi taught that Houses of Worship should each be surrounded by a complex of humanitarian, educational, and charitable institutions—such as schools, hospitals, homes for the elderly, universities, and hostels—to serve the areas in which they are situated.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He said the future interaction between the House of Worship and its dependencies could provide "the essentials of Baháʼí worship and service, both so vital to the regeneration of the world".Template:Sfn To date, only a few such dependencies have been builtTemplate:Sfn and no Baháʼí House of Worship has had the full range of dependencies that are envisioned.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Shoghi Effendi also viewed the functions of the House of Worship as complementary to those of the Haziratu'l-Quds (commonly known as a Baháʼí centre), and said that it would be desirable if both these buildings were on the same site.Template:Sfn At present, Baháʼí devotional meetings in most communities take place in homes or Baháʼí centres, but Elham Afnan notes that such activities "evoke the spirit" of a House of Worship with the goal that it can eventually be constructed.Template:Sfn

Funding and administration

Baháʼí Houses of Worship are funded by the voluntary contributions of Baháʼí communities.Template:Sfn There are no collections during temple services and only Baháʼís are permitted to contribute to the Baháʼí funds, including funds for the construction and maintenance of Houses of Worship.Template:Sfn ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi both viewed the construction of Baháʼí Houses of Worship in individual countries as projects of the international Baháʼí community.Template:Sfn When Houses of Worship are built, the required funds accordingly come from Baháʼís around the world.Template:Sfn Worldwide, expenses associated with Houses of Worship (and with the buildings at the Baháʼí World Centre) constitute a significant part of the spending of the Baháʼí administration.Template:Sfn

In general, a Baháʼí House of Worship and the grounds on which it is situated are the property of the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of that country, and the properties are held in a financial endowment.Template:Sfn A committee of the National Spiritual Assembly of the relevant country administers the House of Worship's activities and affairs, but spiritually they see themselves as custodians of a temple that belongs to all the world's Baháʼís.Template:Sfn

Continental Houses of Worship

Wilmette, U.S.

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One of nine towers of the Wilmette temple

Template:Main Template:See also The oldest extant Baháʼí House of Worship stands in Wilmette, on the shore of Lake Michigan near Chicago.Template:Sfn It has received architectural awards.Template:Sfn In 1978, it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 2007, the Baháʼí House of Worship was named one of the Seven Wonders of Illinois by the Illinois Bureau of Tourism.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The temple is visited by about 250,000 people every year.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

During his journeys to the West, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá came to Wilmette for the groundbreaking ceremony of the temple and laid the foundation stone on 1 May 1912.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The principal architect was Louis Bourgeois,Template:Sfn though his original design ended up being amended numerous times due to impractical elements.Template:Sfn Construction began in 1921 and was completed in 1951, and the temple was dedicated in 1953.Template:Sfn The total cost of the construction was above $2.6 million.Template:Sfn From 1958–2001, the Wilmette House of Worship was associated with a "home for the aged", operated by the U.S. Baháʼí community.Template:Sfn

The cladding of the building is composed of a concrete mixture of Portland cement, quartz, and sand, developed for the temple by John Joseph Earley.Template:Sfn From ground level, the building stands approximately 58.2 metres tall and the diameter of the dome is 27.4 metres.Template:Sfn The auditorium seats 1,191 visitors.Template:Sfn The exterior is adorned with symbols from various religions, including the Latin Cross, the Greek Cross, the star and crescent, the Star of David, the swastika (which is an ancient symbol used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism), and the five-pointed star.Template:Sfn The grounds of the temple feature nine fountains, rows of Chinese junipers, and a wide range of flowers including thousands of tulips planted each fall.Template:Sfn

Kampala, Uganda

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People outside the Kampala Baháʼí temple

There is a Baháʼí House of Worship situated on the northern outskirts of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city, on Kikaaya Hill.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Shoghi Effendi announced that the Kampala temple would be built in 1955 after persecution of Baháʼís in Iran made it impossible for them to build one.Template:Sfn It was designed by architect Charles Mason Remey.Template:Sfn The foundation stone was laid on 26 January 1957 by Rúhíyyih Khánum, representing Shoghi Effendi.Template:Sfn Musa Banani, the first Hand of the Cause in Africa, was also present for the groundbreaking and placed a gift of soil from the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh, sent by Shoghi Effendi, in the foundation.Template:Sfn The dedication ceremony was held in January 1961 and was also attended by Rúhíyyih Khánum.Template:Sfn

The building is more than 39 metres high, and over 100 metres in diameter at the base.Template:Sfn The dome is over 37 metres high and 13 metres in diameter.Template:Sfn As a protection against earthquakes that can occur in the region, the temple has a foundation that goes 3 metres beneath the ground.Template:Sfn The temple has seating for 800 people.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn At the time it was built, the Kampala Baháʼí temple was the tallest building in East Africa.Template:Sfn

The temple's dome is built out of fixed mosaic tiles from Italy, whereas the tiles of the lower roof are from Belgium.Template:Sfn The wall panels contain windows of green, pale blue, and amber colored glass of German origin.Template:Sfn Both the timber used for making the doors and benches and the stone used for the walls of the temple are from within Uganda itself.Template:Sfn The property includes the House of Worship, extensive gardens, a guest house, and an administrative centre.Template:Sfn

Sydney, Australia

Template:Main Template:See also The fourth Baháʼí temple to be completed (and third still standing) is in Ingleside in the northern suburbs of Sydney, Australia.Template:Sfn This temple serves as the "Mother Temple of the Antipodes".Template:Sfn According to Jennifer Taylor, a historian at Sydney University, it is among Sydney's four most significant religious buildings constructed in the twentieth century.Template:Sfn The initial design by Charles Mason Remey was given to Sydney architect John Brogan to develop and complete.Template:Sfn It was dedicated in September 1961 and opened to the public after four years of construction.Template:Sfn

Construction materials include crushed quartz concrete,Template:Sfn local hardwoods in the interior,Template:Sfn and concrete and marble in the dome.Template:Sfn There is seating for 600 people.Template:Sfn The building stands 38 metres in height, has a diameter at its widest point of 20 metres, and is a highly visible landmark from Sydney's northern beaches.Template:Sfn The property is set high in a natural bushland setting overlooking the Pacific Ocean.Template:Sfn The surrounding gardens contain a variety of native Australian flora including waratahs, three species of eucalypts, caleyi and other grevillea, acacia, and woody pear.Template:Sfn

Langenhain, Germany

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The Baháʼí House of Worship in Germany during winter

Template:See also There is a Baháʼí House of Worship at the foot of the Taunus Mountains of Germany, in the village of Langenhain near Frankfurt.Template:Sfn It was designed by German architect Teuto Rocholl.Template:Sfn The foundation stone for the temple was laid on 20 November 1960 by Amelia CollinsTemplate:Sfn and the temple was dedicated on 4 July 1964.Template:Sfn Its construction was opposed by a number of Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany at the time.Template:Sfn The temple's superstructure was prefabricated in the Netherlands out of steel and concrete.Template:Sfn The center of the interior of the temple is illuminated by light shining through over 500 glass panels above.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn At its base, the interior is 48 metres in diameter.Template:Sfn The height from ground level is 28.3 metres and the temple can seat up to 600 people.Template:Sfn Seena Fazel describes the House of Worship as having a "distinctive concrete and glass modernist design".Template:Sfn

Panama City, Panama

Template:See also There is a Baháʼí temple in Panama City, Panama, which was designed by English architect Peter Tillotson.Template:Sfn Rúhíyyih Khánum laid the foundation stone on 8 October 1967 and temple was dedicated on 29 April 1972.Template:Sfn It is perched on a mountain named Cerro Sonsonate,Template:Sfn 10 km northeast of Panama City such that it can be seen from many parts of the city.Template:Sfn The temple is built from local stone, which is laid in designs evoking Native American fabric designsTemplate:Sfn and temples of the ancient Americas.Template:Sfn The dome is covered with thousands of small oval tilesTemplate:Sfn and rises to a height of 28 metres.Template:Sfn The temple has seats made from mahogany for up to 550 people and a floor made from terrazzo.Template:Sfn

Tiapapata, Samoa

Template:See also There is a Baháʼí House of Worship set in Tiapapata, in the hills behind Apia, Samoa.Template:Sfn It was designed by Hossein Amanat.Template:Sfn Both Malietoa Tanumafili II of Samoa, the world's first Baháʼí head of state, and Rúhíyyih Khánum helped lay the foundation stone on 27 January 1979 and attended the dedication on 1 September 1984.Template:Sfn The temple was completed at a total cost of $6.5 million.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It has a 30-metre-tall domed structureTemplate:Sfn and seats up to 500 people in the main hall plus 200 on the mezzanine level.Template:Sfn The structure is open to the island breezes; Graham Hassall writes that this fosters a suitable environment for meditation and prayer.Template:Sfn

New Delhi, India

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The Lotus Temple at night

Template:Main Template:See also In Bahapur, New Delhi, India,Template:Sfn there is a Baháʼí House of Worship that is commonly known as the Lotus Temple, which was designed by Iranian-American architect Fariborz Sahba.Template:Sfn Rúhíyyih Khánum laid the foundation stone on 17 October 1977 and dedicated the temple on 24 December 1986.Template:Sfn The total cost was $10 million.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The temple has won numerous architectural awards,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn including from the Institution of Structural Engineers,Template:Sfn the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,Template:Sfn and the Architectural Society of China.Template:Sfn It has also become a major attraction for people of various religions, with up to 100,000 visitors on some Hindu holy days;Template:Sfn estimates for the number of visitors per year range from 2.5 million to 5 million.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The temple is often listed as one of Delhi's main tourist attractions,Template:Sfn and even as one of the most visited buildings in the world.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Inspired by the sacred lotus flower, the temple's design is composed of 27 free-standing, marble-clad "petals" grouped into clusters of three and thus forming nine sides.Template:Sfn The temple's shape has symbolic and inter-religious significance because the lotus is often associated with the Hindu goddess Lakshmi.Template:Sfn Nine doors open onto a central hallTemplate:Sfn with permanent seating for 1,200 people, which can be expanded for a total seating capacity of 2,500 people.Template:Sfn The temple rises to a height of 40.8 metresTemplate:Sfn and is situated on a property that covers 105,000 square metres and features nine surrounding ponds.Template:Sfn An educational centre beside the temple was established in 2017.Template:Sfn

Santiago, Chile

File:Templo Bahá'í de Sudamérica, Santiago 20200208 04.jpg

The Santiago Bahá'í House of Worship

Template:Main Template:See also The continental Baháʼí House of Worship for South America (or "Mother Temple for South America") is located in Santiago, Chile.Template:Sfn Shoghi Effendi announced Chile as the site for the continental temple of South America in 1953, and in 2001 the process to build the temple was launched.Template:Sfn The chosen design was by Siamak Hariri of Hariri Pontarini Architects in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Template:Sfn Excavation was initiated at the site in 2010 and construction began in 2012.Template:Sfn The doors opened on 19 October 2016.Template:Sfn The Santiago temple cost a total of $30 million to buildTemplate:Sfn and has won a range of Canadian and international architectural awards.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Santiago Baháʼí House of Worship is ringed by nine entrances, nine pathways, and nine fountains, and the structure is composed of nine arching "sails".Template:Sfn These have also been described as nine "petals" and the temple's shape as "floral"; the "petals" are separated by glass which allows light to illuminate the temple's interior.Template:Sfn The exterior of the "petals" is made from cast glass while the interior is made from translucent Portuguese marble.Template:Sfn The sides of the temple are held up on the inside by a steel and aluminum superstructure.Template:Sfn The temple can seat 600 peopleTemplate:Sfn and it is 30 metres high and 30 metres in diameter.Template:Sfn

Other Houses of Worship

Completed but destroyed

Template:See also The first Baháʼí House of Worship was built in the city of Ashgabat, which was then a part of Russia's Transcaspian Oblast and is now the capital of Turkmenistan.Template:Sfn It was started in 1902 and mostly completed by 1907, but was not fully finished until 1919.Template:Sfn Plans for this House of Worship were first made during the lifetime of Baháʼu'lláh.Template:Sfn The design was prepared by Ustad Ali-Akbar Banna,Template:Sfn and after his death the construction was supervised by Vakílu'd-Dawlih.Template:Sfn In 1928, the House of Worship was expropriated by the Soviet authorities and thereafter it was leased back to the Baháʼís.Template:Sfn This arrangement lasted until 1938, when it was fully secularized and turned into an art gallery.Template:Sfn The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake seriously damaged the building, rendering it unsafe; the heavy rains of the following years weakened the structure, until in 1963 the building was demolished and the site was converted into a public park.Template:Sfn

The Ashgabat House of Worship was surrounded by gardens with nine ponds.Template:Sfn At the four corners of the plot of land surrounding the House of Worship were various buildings: a boys' school; a girls' school; a large meeting hall; and a group of buildings including the offices of the Local Spiritual Assembly, a reading room, and a room for meeting with enquirers.Template:Sfn

Completed and standing

File:Bahá'í House of Worship in Norte del Cauca, Colombia.jpg

Local Baháʼí House of Worship in Agua Azul, Colombia

The Battambang, Cambodia temple was the world's first local Baháʼí House of Worship to be completed.Template:Sfn The temple was designed by Cambodian architect Sochet Vitou Tang, who is a practicing Buddhist, and integrates distinctive Cambodian architectural principles.Template:Sfn A dedication ceremony and official opening conference took place on 1–2 September 2017, attended by Cambodian dignitaries, locals, and representatives of Baháʼí communities throughout southeast Asia.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The temple in Agua Azul in the municipality of Villa Rica, Cauca Department, Colombia was the second local Baháʼí House of Worship to be completed in the world.Template:Sfn The temple design, by architect Julian Gutierrez Chacón, was inspired by the shape of the cocoa seed, which was integral to the local culture before the arrival of the sugar cane industry.Template:Sfn An opening dedication ceremony took place on 22 July 2018, followed by devotional services in the House of Worship.Template:Sfn

A local Baháʼí House of Worship was opened on 23 May 2021 in Matunda Soy, Kenya.Template:Sfn

On 13 November 2021, a local Baháʼí House of Worship opened near the town of Lenakel on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu.Template:Sfn

The world's first national Baháʼí House of Worship, located in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was dedicated and opened its doors on 25 March 2023.Template:Sfn

Planned or under construction

Currently, construction of a national Baháʼí House of Worship in Papua New Guinea is ongoing,Template:Sfn while a groundbreaking ceremony has taken place for a local Baháʼí House of Worship in Hargawan near Bihar Sharif, India.Template:Sfn The design for the temple near Bihar Sharif, created by architect Amritha Ballal, was shortlisted for the 2022 World Architecture Festival.Template:Sfn

In 2023, the Universal House of Justice announced plans for three further Houses of Worship: local Houses of Worship in Nepal and Zambia and a national House of Worship in Canada.Template:Sfn

Designs completed

File:Haifa site future Baha'i House of Worship.jpg

Obelisk marking the position of the future Bahá'í House of Worship, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel

A site was selected and purchased in 1932 for a Baháʼí House of Worship in Hadiqa, northeast of Tehran, Iran.Template:Sfn Charles Mason Remey provided a design for this temple which Shoghi Effendi then approved.Template:Sfn A drawing of the design was published in an issue of The Baháʼí World.Template:Sfn To date, however, the construction of this temple has not been possible.Template:Sfn

A design was created for a Baháʼí House of Worship near Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel.Template:Sfn It was created by Charles Mason Remey and approved by Shoghi Effendi in 1952.Template:Sfn A photo of the model of the Haifa House of Worship can be found in an issue of The Baháʼí World.Template:Sfn An obelisk marks the site where the House of Worship is to be built, but as of 2010, plans for constructing this House of Worship have not been made.Template:Sfn

Analysis

Margit Warburg describes the architecture of the Baháʼí Houses of Worship as "remarkable".Template:Sfn Denis MacEoin writes that several of the Baháʼí Houses of Worship are "fine examples of modern religious architecture",Template:Sfn but argues that no distinct Baháʼí architectural style has emerged given that the best-designed Baháʼí Houses of Worship each have a unique character.Template:Sfn Anne Gordon Perry argues, by contrast, that Baháʼí Houses of Worship may provide "the clearest indication of a distinctive Bahá’í aesthetic thus far ... with their characteristic nine sides, circular domes, serene and welcoming gardens and walkways, fountains, and other aesthetic elements".Template:Sfn

Warburg writes that the presence of Baháʼí Houses of Worship on all continents except Antarctica shows the worldwide presence of the Baháʼí Faith.Template:Sfn She also argues that there are a number of parallels between Baháʼí Houses of Worship and mosques: decoration with geometric patterns rather than images or statues, the absence of offering or communion rituals, and the adaptation of architectural designs to local cultural styles.Template:Sfn

Warburg found in her fieldwork at several Baháʼí temples that almost all attendees of weekly services were Baháʼís but that many non-Baháʼís visited at other times during the week.Template:Sfn She has questioned whether having the temples open for visitors but without activities at most times during the week is "the optimal mission strategy" for Baháʼís, noting an account of a visitor confused by one temple's apparent lack of purpose.Template:Sfn However, Graham Hassall has disputed Warburg's analysis, pointing to the large number of tourists visiting many Baháʼí Houses of Worship and positive coverage in online media such as travel guides and blogs.Template:Sfn

Gallery

• The first Baháʼí House of Worship (since destroyed), in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
  The first Baháʼí House of Worship (since destroyed), in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, United States
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, United States
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Kampala, Uganda
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Kampala, Uganda
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Sydney, Australia
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Sydney, Australia
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Langenhain, Germany
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Langenhain, Germany
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Panama City, Panama
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Panama City, Panama
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Tiapapata, Samoa
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Tiapapata, Samoa
• Baháʼí House of Worship in New Delhi, India, known as the Lotus Temple
  Baháʼí House of Worship in New Delhi, India, known as the Lotus Temple
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Santiago, Chile
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Santiago, Chile
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Battambang, Cambodia
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Battambang, Cambodia
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Agua Azul, Colombia
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Agua Azul, Colombia
• Baháʼí House of Worship in Matunda Soy, Kenya
  Baháʼí House of Worship in Matunda Soy, Kenya
• Design for a Baháʼí House of Worship to be built in Tehran, Iran
  Design for a Baháʼí House of Worship to be built in Tehran, Iran
• Design for a Baháʼí House of Worship to be built in Haifa, Israel
  Design for a Baháʼí House of Worship to be built in Haifa, Israel

See also

• List of Baháʼí Houses of Worship
• Terraces (Baháʼí)
• Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith
• Sacral architecture

References

Books

• Historical Dictionary of the Baháʼí Faith{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Scarecrow Press(2007). ISBN 978-0-8108-5096-5
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Afnan|, Afnan}. Routledge(2022). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Fazel|, Fazel}. Routledge(2022). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• Religions of South Asia{{#if:Garlington|, Garlington}. Routledge(2006). ISBN 0415223903
• World Religions: Baha'i Faith{{#if:Hartz|, Hartz}. Chelsea House Publishers(2009). ISBN 978-1-60413-104-8
• Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill(2012b). ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1
• The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions{{#if:MacEoin|, MacEoin}. Penguin Books(1997). ISBN 0140514805
• Bahaʼi and Globalisation{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Aarhus University Press(2005). ISBN 8779341098
• Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(1991). ISBN 9780203038130
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Pearson|, Pearson}. Routledge(2022). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Perry|, Perry}. Routledge(2022). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Smith|, Smith}. Routledge(2022). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• Religion and Tourism: Crossroads, Destinations, and Encounters{{#if:Stausberg|, Stausberg}. Routledge(2011). ISBN 9780415549318
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Stockman|, Stockman}. Routledge(2022a). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:Stockman|, Stockman}. Routledge(2022b). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• The World of the Bahá’í Faith{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2022). ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2
• Citizens of the World: A History and Sociology of the Bahaʹis from a Globalisation Perspective{{#if:Warburg|, Warburg}. Brill(2006). ISBN 978-90-04-14373-9
• Names and Numbers{{#if:Zohoori|, Zohoori}. Caribbean Printers Limited(1990)

Encyclopedias

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• Baha'i House of Worship. Dictionary of Sydney(2008).
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• Template:Cite encyclopedia
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• A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oneworld Publications, Oxford, England(2000). ISBN 1-85168-184-1

News media

• How to build for the future: India's shortlists at the upcoming World Architecture Festival 2022. The Hindu(15 October 2022). Retrieved 14 June 2023.
• Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced. Baháʼí World News Service(22 April 2012). Retrieved 2012-04-22.
• Preparations for Temple inauguration accelerate. Baháʼí World News Service(11 August 2017). Retrieved 2017-08-30.
• Spirit and aspirations of a people: Reflections of Temple's architect. Baháʼí World News Service(August 31, 2017). Retrieved September 2, 2017.
• Inauguration conference concludes. Bahá’í World News Service(2 September 2017). Retrieved 15 November 2021.
• On eve of dedication, architect reflects on culture, environment, spiritual principle. Baháʼí World News Service(20 July 2018). Retrieved 9 November 2022.
• Colombia Temple dedicated in joyful ceremony. Baháʼí World News Service(23 July 2018). Retrieved 9 November 2022.
• Construction advances on historic first national Baha'i House of Worship. Bahá’í World News Service(24 November 2019). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
• Ground broken for first local Bahá'í temple in India. Bahá’í World News Service(21 February 2021). Retrieved 25 February 2021.
• Kenya: First Local Bahá'í temple in Africa opens its doors. Bahá’í World News Service(24 May 2021). Retrieved 29 May 2021.
• Vanuatu: First local Bahá’í temple in the Pacific opens its doors. Bahá’í World News Service(14 November 2021). Retrieved 14 November 2021.
• DRC: First national House of Worship opens its doors. Bahá’í World News Service(25 March 2023). Retrieved 7 May 2023.
• Houses of Worship: Three new Houses of Worship to be established. Bahá’í World News Service(18 May 2023). Retrieved 7 June 2023.
• Global $100,000 prize in architecture goes to Toronto’s Hariri Pontarini Architects. The Globe and Mail(25 October 2019). Retrieved 19 October 2022.
• Encore Presentation: A Visit to the Capital of India: New Delhi. CNN(14 July 2001). Retrieved 12 October 2022.
• The temple that welcomes all religions, or none at all. CNN(11 November 2016). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
• Iranian architect living in La Jolla devoted to creating ‘spiritual space’. La Jolla Light(23 January 2013). Retrieved 27 November 2021.
• 'Seven Wonders' of Illinois. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette(7 May 2007). Retrieved 19 November 2021.
• Uganda's Bahá'í Temple. UGPulse(7 September 2006). Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Higher Power: Toronto architect Siamak Hariri ascends to architectural greatness. CBC(13 July 2006).

Other

• Award for Bahá’í Temple of South America. e-architect(4 April 2017). Retrieved 27 November 2022.
• Bahá’í Temple Chile Award News. e-architect(24 November 2021). Retrieved 27 November 2022.
• Bahá’í Temple / Hariri Pontarini Architects(12 October 2016). Retrieved 27 November 2022.
• Baháʼí World, vol. XII'{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1950–1954)
• Baháʼí World, vol. XIV'{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1963–1968)
• In the Heights: The Baháʼí Temple of South America, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile. Canadian Architect(12 January 2017).
• The Baha’i minority in the State of Israel, 1948–1957. Middle Eastern Studies({Template:Date).
• The Baháʼí Faith in Australia 1947–1963. Journal of Religious History({Template:Date).
• This Baháʼí Temple Took 14 Years To Build—It Was Worth the Wait. Metropolis(26 October 2016).
• AD Classics: Lotus Temple / Fariborz Sahba. ArchDaily(21 August 2011). Retrieved 27 November 2021.
• The Annotated: Baha’i Temple. Chicago(18 June 2007). Retrieved 5 July 2022.
• Economic Rituals: The Structure and Meaning of Donations in the Baha'i Religion. Social Compass({Template:Date).

Further reading

Academic publishers

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• Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill(2012). ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1
• Template:Cite encyclopedia
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Baháʼí publisher

• An Earthly Paradise: Baháʼí Houses of Worship Around the World{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. George Ronald(1992). ISBN 0-85398-316-X
• Baha'i House of Worship: Design, Construction and Community{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. George Ronald(2022). ISBN 978-0-85398-639-3

External links

• The Mashriqu'l-Adhkár - Baháʼí Houses of Worship (from bahai.org, the official site of the world's Baháʼís)
• Mashriqul-Adhkar.com (archived compilation of relevant Baháʼí sacred texts)
• Chronology and related documents on Baháʼí Library Online